Shimizu Hiroyuki
Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashimurayama-shi, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan.
Uirusu. 2010 Jun;60(1):49-58. doi: 10.2222/jsv.60.49.
The Global Polio Eradication Initiative was aimed to eradicate poliomyelitis by the year 2000, however, polio eradication is still not in sight even in 2010, over 10 years after the initial target date. In 2010, indigenous transmission of wild polioviruses has been interrupted throughout the world except four countries, Afghanistan, Pakistan, India, and Nigeria. Despite the intense use of monovalent oral polio vaccines, type 1 and type 3 wild polioviruses still circulate in the four remaining polio-endemic countries, and multiple importations of wild polioviruses have also occurred extensively from Nigeria and India to a number of previously polio-free countries in Africa, Asia, and Europe. Furthermore, the emergence of type 2 vaccine-derived polioviruses has raised concerns about low level of immunity against type 2 poliovirus in some polio-endemic areas like Nigeria and India. On the other hand, operational improvements in 2009 were reported in high-risk states in northern Nigeria and transmission of type 1 and type 3 polioviruses in Nigeria is markedly declining from 2009 to 2010. Moreover, bivalent oral polio vaccine containing Sabin 1 and Sabin 3 strains has been introduced in 2010 as a promising tool to improve and simplify the supplemental immunization activities in high-risk areas. Although there was no apparent decline in the annual number of polio cases in 2000-2009 globally, it would be critical to review our experience during "the lost decade of global polio eradication" to move forward into the final stage of global polio eradication.
全球根除脊髓灰质炎行动旨在到2000年根除脊髓灰质炎，然而，即使到了2010年，距离最初设定的目标日期已过去10多年，脊髓灰质炎的根除仍遥遥无期。2010年，除了阿富汗、巴基斯坦、印度和尼日利亚这四个国家外，野生脊髓灰质炎病毒在全球范围内的本土传播已被阻断。尽管大量使用了单价口服脊髓灰质炎疫苗，但1型和3型野生脊髓灰质炎病毒仍在这四个脊髓灰质炎流行国家传播，而且野生脊髓灰质炎病毒还多次从尼日利亚和印度广泛传入非洲、亚洲和欧洲的一些先前已无脊髓灰质炎的国家。此外，2型疫苗衍生脊髓灰质炎病毒的出现引发了人们对尼日利亚和印度等一些脊髓灰质炎流行地区针对2型脊髓灰质炎病毒免疫力低下的担忧。另一方面，2009年尼日利亚北部高危州报告了行动方面的改进，而且从2009年到2010年，尼日利亚1型和3型脊髓灰质炎病毒的传播明显下降。此外，2010年引入了含有萨宾1型和萨宾3型毒株的二价口服脊髓灰质炎疫苗，作为改善和简化高危地区补充免疫活动的一种有前景的工具。尽管2000 - 2009年全球脊髓灰质炎病例的年度数量没有明显下降，但回顾我们在“全球根除脊髓灰质炎的失落十年”中的经验对于推进到全球根除脊髓灰质炎的最后阶段至关重要。
