Chemistry, M313, School of Biomedical, Biomolecular and Chemical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Perth, 6009, Australia.
Amino Acids. 2011 Apr;40(4):1035-51. doi: 10.1007/s00726-010-0738-5. Epub 2010 Sep 22.
Protein phosphorylation is a common signalling mechanism in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms. Whilst the focus of protein phosphorylation research has primarily been on protein serine/threonine or tyrosine phosphorylation, there are other phosphoamino acids that are also biologically important. Two of the phosphoamino acids that are functionally involved in the biochemistry of protein phosphorylation and signalling pathways are phosphoaspartate and phosphoglutamate, and this review focuses on their chemistry and biochemistry. In particular, we cover the biological aspects of phosphoaspartate and phosphoglutamate in signalling pathways and as phosphoenzyme intermediates. In addition, we examine the synthesis of both of these phosphoamino acids and the chemistry of the acyl phosphate group. Although phosphoaspartate is a major component of prokaryotic two-component signalling pathways, this review casts its net wider to include reports of phosphoaspartate in eukaryotic cells. Reports of phosphoglutamate, although limited, appear to be more common as free phosphoglutamate than those found in phosphoprotein form.
蛋白质磷酸化是原核生物和真核生物中常见的信号机制。虽然蛋白质磷酸化研究的重点主要集中在蛋白质丝氨酸/苏氨酸或酪氨酸磷酸化上，但还有其他磷酸氨基酸也具有重要的生物学意义。在蛋白质磷酸化和信号通路的生物化学中具有功能作用的两种磷酸氨基酸是磷酸天冬氨酸和磷酸谷氨酸，本综述重点介绍它们的化学和生物化学。特别是，我们涵盖了磷酸天冬氨酸和磷酸谷氨酸在信号通路和作为磷酸酶中间物中的生物学方面。此外，我们还研究了这两种磷酸氨基酸的合成以及酰基磷酸基团的化学性质。尽管磷酸天冬氨酸是原核双组分信号通路的主要组成部分，但本综述的范围更广，包括真核细胞中磷酸天冬氨酸的报道。尽管有关磷酸谷氨酸的报道有限，但与磷酸蛋白形式相比，游离磷酸谷氨酸似乎更为常见。
