Porkka-Heiskanen Tarja
University of Helsinki, 63, Haartmaninkatu 8, Helsinki, Finland.
Handb Exp Pharmacol. 2011(200):331-48. doi: 10.1007/978-3-642-13443-2_12.
Caffeine is widely used to promote wakefulness and counteract fatigue induced by restriction of sleep, but also to counteract the effects of caffeine abstinence. Adenosine is a physiological molecule, which in the central nervous system acts predominantly as an inhibitory neuromodulator. Adenosine is also a sleep-promoting molecule. Caffeine binds to adenosine receptors, and the antagonism of the adenosinergic system is believed to be the mechanism through which caffeine counteracts sleep in humans as well as in other species. The sensitivity for caffeine varies markedly among individuals. Recently, genetic variations in genes related to adenosine metabolism have provided at least a partial explanation for this variability. The main effects of caffeine on sleep are decreased sleep latency, shortened total sleep time, decrease in power in the delta range, and sleep fragmentation. Caffeine may also decrease the accumulation of sleep propensity during waking, thus inducing long-term harmful effects on sleep quality.
咖啡因被广泛用于促进清醒和对抗因睡眠受限引起的疲劳，同时也用于对抗咖啡因戒断的影响。腺苷是一种生理分子，在中枢神经系统中主要作为一种抑制性神经调节剂发挥作用。腺苷也是一种促进睡眠的分子。咖啡因与腺苷受体结合，腺苷能系统的拮抗作用被认为是咖啡因在人类和其他物种中对抗睡眠的机制。个体对咖啡因的敏感性差异显著。最近，与腺苷代谢相关基因的遗传变异至少为这种变异性提供了部分解释。咖啡因对睡眠的主要影响包括睡眠潜伏期缩短、总睡眠时间缩短、δ波功率降低和睡眠碎片化。咖啡因还可能减少清醒期间睡眠倾向的积累，从而对睡眠质量产生长期有害影响。
