Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
Br J Nutr. 2010 Dec;104(11):1666-87. doi: 10.1017/S0007114510002679. Epub 2010 Sep 23.
Our genome adapts slowly to changing conditions of existence. Many diseases of civilisation result from mismatches between our Paleolithic genome and the rapidly changing environment, including our diet. The objective of the present study was to reconstruct multiple Paleolithic diets to estimate the ranges of nutrient intakes upon which humanity evolved. A database of, predominantly East African, plant and animal foods (meat/fish) was used to model multiple Paleolithic diets, using two pathophysiological constraints (i.e. protein < 35 energy % (en%) and linoleic acid (LA) >1.0 en%), at known hunter-gatherer plant/animal food intake ratios (range 70/30-30/70 en%/en%). We investigated selective and non-selective savannah, savannah/aquatic and aquatic hunter-gatherer/scavenger foraging strategies. We found (range of medians in en%) intakes of moderate-to-high protein (25-29), moderate-to-high fat (30-39) and moderate carbohydrates (39-40). The fatty acid composition was SFA (11.4-12.0), MUFA (5.6-18.5) and PUFA (8.6-15.2). The latter was high in α-linolenic acid (ALA) (3.7-4.7 en%), low in LA (2.3-3.6 en%), and high in long-chain PUFA (LCP; 4.75-25.8 g/d), LCP n-3 (2.26-17.0 g/d), LCP n-6 (2.54-8.84 g/d), ALA/LA ratio (1.12-1.64 g/g) and LCP n-3/LCP n-6 ratio (0.84-1.92 g/g). Consistent with the wide range of employed variables, nutrient intakes showed wide ranges. We conclude that compared with Western diets, Paleolithic diets contained consistently higher protein and LCP, and lower LA. These are likely to contribute to the known beneficial effects of Paleolithic-like diets, e.g. through increased satiety/satiation. Disparities between Paleolithic, contemporary and recommended intakes might be important factors underlying the aetiology of common Western diseases. Data on Paleolithic diets and lifestyle, rather than the investigation of single nutrients, might be useful for the rational design of clinical trials.
我们的基因组适应存在条件的变化非常缓慢。许多文明病是由于我们的旧石器时代基因组与快速变化的环境（包括饮食）之间不匹配而导致的。本研究的目的是重建多种旧石器时代的饮食，以估计人类进化过程中的营养素摄入量范围。使用主要来自东非的植物和动物食物（肉/鱼）数据库，根据已知的狩猎采集者植物/动物食物摄入量比例（范围为 70/30-30/70 en%/en%），通过两种病理生理学限制（即蛋白质<35 能量%（en%）和亚油酸（LA）>1.0 en%）来模拟多种旧石器时代的饮食。我们研究了选择性和非选择性的热带稀树草原、热带稀树草原/水生和水生狩猎采集者/食腐动物觅食策略。我们发现（中位数范围为 en%）中等至高蛋白质（25-29）、中至高脂肪（30-39）和中等碳水化合物（39-40）的摄入量。脂肪酸组成是 SFA（11.4-12.0）、MUFA（5.6-18.5）和 PUFA（8.6-15.2）。后者富含α-亚麻酸（ALA）（3.7-4.7 en%），LA 含量低（2.3-3.6 en%），长链多不饱和脂肪酸（LCP；4.75-25.8 g/d）、LCP n-3（2.26-17.0 g/d）、LCP n-6（2.54-8.84 g/d）、ALA/LA 比值（1.12-1.64 g/g）和 LCP n-3/LCP n-6 比值（0.84-1.92 g/g）较高。与所采用的变量范围一致，营养素摄入量也有很大的范围。与西方饮食相比，我们得出的结论是，旧石器时代的饮食中蛋白质和 LCP 的含量始终较高，而 LA 的含量较低。这些可能有助于解释旧石器时代饮食的有益作用，例如通过增加饱腹感/饱腹感。旧石器时代、当代和推荐摄入量之间的差异可能是常见西方疾病病因的重要因素。关于旧石器时代饮食和生活方式的数据，而不是单一营养素的研究，可能有助于临床研究的合理设计。
