Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Regensburg, Universitätsstr. 31, 93040 Regensburg, Germany.
Chem Soc Rev. 2011 Jan;40(1):427-48. doi: 10.1039/c005401c. Epub 2010 Sep 28.
As part of a continuing scientific challenge, a substantial effort during the past few decades has been devoted towards altering the selectivity of chemical transformations by arranging the potential reactants in a number of organized and confining media. Such systems, having features significantly different from those of isotropic solutions, include, for example, micelles, microemulsions, molecular aggregates, liquid crystals, and zeolites. Among these materials, stimuli-response gels constitute another important class of nanostructured and dynamic systems with high active surface areas and remarkable diffusion properties. Within this group, polymer gels have been traditionally used to obtain catalytic and reactive soft materials. Moreover, gels made of low-molecular-weight compounds represent a major novelty in this area as potential soft-vessels to carry out chemical reactions with control on product selectivity. In addition, the possibility of integrating switchable catalytic functions in both organo- and hydrogels shall accelerate the development of robust platforms for the 'bottom-up' tailor-fabrication of more sophisticated functional materials. The present critical review reports on the most important results published during the last decade regarding the use of 'smart' gels that has displayed promising properties as selective soft-nanoreactors and/or heterogeneous recyclable catalysts (152 references).
作为持续科学挑战的一部分，过去几十年来，人们做出了大量努力，通过将潜在反应物安排在许多有组织和受限的介质中，改变化学转化的选择性。这些系统具有与各向同性溶液显著不同的特征，包括例如胶束、微乳液、分子聚集体、液晶和沸石。在这些材料中，刺激响应凝胶是具有高比表面积和显著扩散性能的另一种重要的纳米结构和动态系统。在这一组中，聚合物凝胶传统上用于获得催化和反应性软材料。此外，由低分子量化合物制成的凝胶是该领域的一个主要创新，作为潜在的软容器，可在控制产物选择性的情况下进行化学反应。此外，在有机凝胶和水凝胶中整合可切换催化功能的可能性将加速用于“自下而上”定制更复杂功能材料的强大平台的发展。本综述报告了过去十年中有关使用“智能”凝胶的最重要结果，这些凝胶作为选择性软纳米反应器和/或非均相可回收催化剂表现出了有前景的性能（152 篇参考文献）。
