William Wrigley Jr Company, Chicago, IL, USA.
Br J Nutr. 2010 Jul;104 Suppl 1:S1-25. doi: 10.1017/S0007114510003338.
Metabolic programming and metabolic imprinting describe early life events, which impact upon on later physiological outcomes. Despite the increasing numbers of papers and studies, the distinction between metabolic programming and metabolic imprinting remains confusing. The former can be defined as a dynamic process whose effects are dependent upon a critical window(s) while the latter can be more strictly associated with imprinting at the genomic level. The clinical end points associated with these phenomena can sometimes be mechanistically explicable in terms of gene expression mediated by epigenetics. The predictivity of outcomes depends on determining if there is causality or association in the context of both early dietary exposure and future health parameters. The use of biomarkers is a key aspect of determining the predictability of later outcome, and the strengths of particular types of biomarkers need to be determined. It has become clear that several important health endpoints are impacted upon by metabolic programming/imprinting. These include the link between perinatal nutrition, nutritional epigenetics and programming at an early developmental stage and its link to a range of future health risks such as CVD and diabetes. In some cases, the evidence base remains patchy and associative, while in others, a more direct causality between early nutrition and later health is clear. In addition, it is also essential to acknowledge the communication to consumers, industry, health care providers, policy-making bodies as well as to the scientific community. In this way, both programming and, eventually, reprogramming can become effective tools to improve health through dietary intervention at specific developmental points.
代谢编程和代谢印记描述了早期生活事件，这些事件会影响后期的生理结果。尽管越来越多的论文和研究，但代谢编程和代谢印记之间的区别仍然令人困惑。前者可以定义为一个动态过程，其影响取决于一个关键窗口，而后者可以更严格地与基因组水平的印记相关联。与这些现象相关的临床终点有时可以用表观遗传学介导的基因表达来从机制上解释。结果的可预测性取决于确定早期饮食暴露和未来健康参数的因果关系或关联。生物标志物的使用是确定后期结果可预测性的关键方面，需要确定特定类型生物标志物的优势。很明显，代谢编程/印记会影响几个重要的健康终点。这些包括围产期营养、营养表观遗传学和早期发育阶段编程之间的联系，以及它与一系列未来健康风险（如心血管疾病和糖尿病）之间的联系。在某些情况下，证据基础仍然不完整和关联，而在其他情况下，早期营养与后期健康之间存在更直接的因果关系。此外，向消费者、行业、医疗保健提供者、决策机构以及科学界传达信息也至关重要。通过这种方式，编程，最终，通过在特定发育点进行饮食干预，可以成为改善健康的有效工具。
