Microchemistry and Microscopy Art Diagnostic Laboratory M2ADL, University of Bologna, Ravenna Campus, 48121 Ravenna, Italy.
Anal Bioanal Chem. 2011 Mar;399(9):2889-97. doi: 10.1007/s00216-010-4258-7. Epub 2010 Oct 9.
The identification and localization of organic components in the complex stratigraphy of paintings play a crucial role in studies of painting techniques and authentication, restoration, and conservation of artworks. Much scientific effort has been expended for the development of analytical approaches suitable for the investigation and characterization of organic substances, allowing high sensitivity, specificity, and spatial resolution. Proteins (e.g., ovalbumin, casein, and collagen from different animal sources) are one of the classes of organic substances most widely used as painting materials. The analytical techniques commonly used for their analysis (micro Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, chromatographic techniques, and proteomic approaches) have limits related to the lack of specificity or to the absence of information concerning the stratigraphic localization of the detected proteins. Immunological techniques are a promising alternative approach for the characterization of proteins in artworks. Thanks to the high specificity of antigen-antibody reactions, these techniques are widely used for the analysis of proteins in bioanalytical and clinical chemistry and recently they have been successfully applied in the field of science for conservation of cultural heritage. The present research aimed to develop an ultrasensitive chemiluminescent immunochemical procedure for the simultaneous localization of ovalbumin and bovine casein (two common proteins found in binding media or varnishes of artistic and archaeological samples) in resin-embedded painting micro cross-sections. The possibility of performing the simultaneous identification of different proteins in painting cross-sections is of particular relevance in the field of cultural heritage because samples are often small and available in a limited number; therefore, the maximum amount of information must be obtained from each of them.
在绘画的复杂地层中识别和定位有机成分，对于研究绘画技巧以及艺术品的鉴定、修复和保护起着至关重要的作用。为了开发适合于调查和描述有机物质的分析方法，科学家们付出了大量的努力，从而使这些方法具有高灵敏度、特异性和空间分辨率。蛋白质（例如，来自不同动物来源的卵白蛋白、酪蛋白和胶原蛋白）是作为绘画材料而广泛使用的有机物质类别之一。常用于分析它们的分析技术（微傅里叶变换红外光谱、色谱技术和蛋白质组学方法）存在一些局限性，例如特异性不足或缺乏关于检测到的蛋白质的地层定位的信息。免疫学技术是一种很有前途的用于鉴定艺术品中蛋白质的替代方法。由于抗原抗体反应的高特异性，这些技术被广泛应用于生物分析和临床化学中的蛋白质分析，并且最近它们已成功应用于文化遗产保护领域的科学研究中。本研究旨在开发一种超灵敏的化学发光免疫化学程序，用于在树脂嵌入的绘画微切片中同时定位卵白蛋白和牛酪蛋白（这两种常见的蛋白质存在于艺术和考古样品的结合介质或清漆中）。在文化遗产领域，能够在绘画切片中同时鉴定不同蛋白质的可能性尤为重要，因为样品通常很小且数量有限；因此，必须从每个样品中获取最大量的信息。
