Department of Comparative and Developmental Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
Proc Biol Sci. 2011 May 7;278(1710):1405-13. doi: 10.1098/rspb.2010.1735. Epub 2010 Oct 27.
Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) sometimes help both humans and conspecifics in experimental situations in which immediate selfish benefits can be ruled out. However, in several experiments, chimpanzees have not provided food to a conspecific even when it would cost them nothing, leading to the hypothesis that prosociality in the food-provisioning context is a derived trait in humans. Here, we show that chimpanzees help conspecifics obtain both food and non-food items--given that the donor cannot get the food herself. Furthermore, we show that the key factor eliciting chimpanzees' targeted helping is the recipients' attempts to either get the food or get the attention of the potential donor. The current findings add to the accumulating body of evidence that humans and chimpanzees share the motivation and skills necessary to help others in situations in which they cannot selfishly benefit. Humans, however, show prosocial motives more readily and in a wider range of contexts.
黑猩猩（Pan troglodytes）有时会在实验情境中帮助人类和同类，在这种情境下可以排除直接的自私利益。然而，在几项实验中，即使对黑猩猩自己没有任何成本，它们也没有向同类提供食物，这导致了这样一种假设，即在提供食物的情境中，亲社会行为是人类的一种衍生特征。在这里，我们表明，黑猩猩会帮助同类获得食物和非食物物品——只要捐赠者自己无法获得食物。此外，我们还表明，引发黑猩猩有针对性帮助的关键因素是接受者试图获取食物或引起潜在捐赠者的注意。目前的发现增加了越来越多的证据，证明人类和黑猩猩具有在不能自私受益的情况下帮助他人的动机和技能。然而，人类更容易表现出亲社会的动机，并且在更广泛的情境中表现出这种动机。
