Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, Hebelstrasse 20, Basel, Switzerland.
Clin Exp Immunol. 2011 Jan;163(1):26-32. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2010.04271.x. Epub 2010 Oct 29.
Vesicles released by cells have been described using various names, including exosomes, microparticles, microvesicles and ectosomes. Here we propose to differentiate clearly between ectosomes and exosomes according to their formation and release. Whereas exosomes are formed in multi-vesicular bodies, ectosomes are vesicles budding directly from the cell surface. Depending upon the proteins expressed, exosomes activate or inhibit the immune system. One of the major properties of exosomes released by antigen-presenting cells is to induce antigen-specific T cell activation. Thus, they have been used for tumour immunotherapy. By contrast, the major characteristics of ectosomes released by various cells, including tumour cells, polymorphonuclear leucocytes and erythrocytes, are the expression of phosphatidylserine and to have anti-inflammatory/immunosuppressive activities similarly to apoptotic cells.
细胞释放的囊泡曾被使用各种名称来描述，包括外泌体、微粒体、微泡和ectosomes。在这里，我们建议根据它们的形成和释放来清楚地区分ectosomes 和外泌体。外泌体是在多泡体中形成的，而 ectosomes 是直接从细胞膜出芽形成的囊泡。根据表达的蛋白质，外泌体激活或抑制免疫系统。抗原呈递细胞释放的外泌体的主要特性之一是诱导抗原特异性 T 细胞激活。因此，它们已被用于肿瘤免疫治疗。相比之下，包括肿瘤细胞、多形核白细胞和红细胞在内的各种细胞释放的 ectosomes 的主要特征是表达磷脂酰丝氨酸，并具有与凋亡细胞相似的抗炎/免疫抑制活性。
