Department of Advanced Preventive Medicine for Infectious Disease, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.
Chest. 2018 Jan;153(1):210-216. doi: 10.1016/j.chest.2017.06.026. Epub 2017 Jul 3.
Accumulating evidence suggests that extracellular vesicles (EVs) play a role in the pathogenesis of lung diseases. These vesicles include exosomes, ectosomes (ie, microparticles, extracellular vesicles, microvesicles, and shedding vesicles), and apoptotic bodies. Exosomes are generated by inward budding of the membrane (endocytosis), subsequent forming of multivesicular bodies, and release by exocytosis. Ectosomes are formed by outward blebbing from the plasma membrane and are then released by proteolytic cleavage from the cell surface. Apoptotic bodies are generated on apoptotic cell shrinkage and death. Extracellular vesicles are released when the cells are activated or undergo apoptosis under inflammatory conditions. The number and types of released EVs are different according to the pathophysiological status of the disease. Therefore, EVs can be novel biomarkers for various lung diseases. EVs contain several molecules, including proteins, mRNA, microRNA, and DNA; they transfer these molecules to distant recipient cells. Circulating EVs modify the targeted cells and influence the microenvironment of the lungs. For this unique capability, EVs are expected to be a new drug delivery system and a novel therapeutic target.
越来越多的证据表明，细胞外囊泡（EVs）在肺部疾病的发病机制中发挥作用。这些囊泡包括外泌体、胞外体（即微颗粒、细胞外囊泡、微囊泡和脱落囊泡）和凋亡小体。外泌体通过细胞膜向内出芽（内吞作用）形成，随后形成多泡体，并通过胞吐作用释放。胞外体通过质膜向外起泡形成，然后通过细胞表面的蛋白水解切割从细胞表面释放。凋亡小体在凋亡细胞收缩和死亡时产生。细胞在炎症条件下激活或发生凋亡时会释放细胞外囊泡。释放的 EV 数量和类型根据疾病的病理生理状态而有所不同。因此，EV 可以作为各种肺部疾病的新型生物标志物。EV 包含多种分子，包括蛋白质、mRNA、microRNA 和 DNA；它们将这些分子转移到远处的靶细胞。循环 EV 修饰靶细胞并影响肺部的微环境。由于这种独特的功能，EV 有望成为一种新的药物传递系统和新的治疗靶点。
