Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Level 5, Addenbrookes Hospital, Hills Rd, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK.
Virus Res. 2011 May;157(2):151-60. doi: 10.1016/j.virusres.2010.10.031. Epub 2010 Nov 5.
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection induces both innate immune responses including Natural Killer cells as well as adaptive humoral and cell mediated (CD4+ helper, CD8+ cytotoxic and γδ T cell) responses which lead to the resolution of acute primary infection. Despite such a robust primary immune response, HCMV is still able to establish latency. Long term memory T cell responses are maintained at high frequency and are thought to prevent clinical disease following periodic reactivation of the virus. As such, a balance is established between the immune response and viral reactivation. Loss of this balance in the immunocompromised host can lead to unchecked viral replication following reactivation of latent virus, with consequent disease and mortality. HCMV encodes multiple immune evasion mechanisms that target both the innate and acquired immune system. This article describes the current understanding of Natural killer cell, antibody and T cell mediated immune responses and the mechanisms that the virus utilizes to subvert these responses.
人巨细胞病毒（HCMV）感染可诱导先天免疫反应，包括自然杀伤细胞，以及适应性体液和细胞介导的（CD4+辅助性、CD8+细胞毒性和γδ T 细胞）反应，从而导致急性原发性感染的消退。尽管存在如此强大的原发性免疫反应，HCMV 仍能够建立潜伏状态。长期记忆 T 细胞反应以高频率维持，并被认为可防止病毒周期性再激活后发生临床疾病。因此，在免疫功能低下的宿主中，免疫反应和病毒再激活之间建立了平衡。如果这种平衡被打破，潜伏病毒再激活后可能会导致病毒不受控制的复制，从而导致疾病和死亡。HCMV 编码多种免疫逃避机制，靶向先天和获得性免疫系统。本文描述了对自然杀伤细胞、抗体和 T 细胞介导的免疫反应的当前理解，以及病毒利用这些反应的机制。
