Department of Psychology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA.
Am Psychol. 2010 Nov;65(8):698-706. doi: 10.1037/0003-066X.65.8.698.
Comparison compels people, even as it stresses, depresses, and divides us. Comparison is only natural, but the collateral damage reveals envy upward and scorn downward, and these emotions, arguably, poison people and their relationships. Summaries of several experiments--using questionnaire, psychometric, response-time, electromyographic, and neuroimaging data--illustrate the dynamics of envy up and scorn down, as well as proposing how to mitigate their effects. Initial studies suggest the importance of status. Other data show how scorn down minimizes thought about another's mind; power deactivates mental concepts. Regarding envy up, other studies demonstrate that Schadenfreude (malicious joy) targets envied outgroups. However, counterstereotypic information, empathy, and outcome dependency can mitigate both scorn and envy.
比较迫使人们，即使它强调、压抑和分裂我们。比较是很自然的，但随之而来的伤害揭示了向上的嫉妒和向下的轻蔑，这些情绪可以说毒害了人和他们的关系。几项实验的总结——使用问卷调查、心理计量学、反应时间、肌电图和神经影像学数据——说明了向上嫉妒和向下轻蔑的动态，以及提出了如何减轻它们的影响。初步研究表明地位的重要性。其他数据显示了向下轻蔑如何最小化对他人思想的思考；权力使心理概念失去作用。关于向上嫉妒，其他研究表明幸灾乐祸（恶意的快乐）针对被嫉妒的外群体。然而，与刻板印象相反的信息、同理心和结果依赖可以减轻轻蔑和嫉妒。
