Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Medicum, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
Department of Human Development and Family Science, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA.
Int J Psychol. 2022 Dec;57(6):760-765. doi: 10.1002/ijop.12853. Epub 2022 May 10.
We examined whether prevalence of social class discrimination-and its association with psychological distress-has changed between 1990s and 2010s in the United States. Data were from the original Midlife in the United States (MIDUS) study with data collections in 1995-1996 (n = 2931) and 2004-2005 (n = 1708), and the new MIDUS Refresher sample from 2011 to 2014 (n = 2543). Socioeconomic status (SES) became more strongly associated with self-rated discrimination over time, with individuals with the lowest SES experiencing more discrimination (B = 0.75, p < .001) and those with the highest SES less discrimination (B = 0.36, p < .001) over time: at baseline, the difference in self-rated discrimination between the highest and lowest SES groups was 15.3% versus 10.8% (4.7% point difference). This difference increased to 20.0% versus 7.4% in the last study wave (12.6% point difference). Association between self-reported discrimination and psychological distress strengthened over time, but the associations between socioeconomic indicators and distress did not change. The results suggest that people with low SES had higher risk of encountering unfair and disrespectful treatment in the 2010s compared to the 1990s.
我们考察了美国在 20 世纪 90 年代至 2010 年代期间，社会阶层歧视的普遍程度及其与心理困扰之间的关联是否发生了变化。数据来自美国中年生活研究（MIDUS）的原始数据，该研究分别于 1995-1996 年（n=2931）和 2004-2005 年（n=1708）以及 2011 年至 2014 年的新 MIDUS 刷新样本（n=2543）进行了数据收集。随着时间的推移，社会经济地位（SES）与自我报告的歧视之间的关联变得更加紧密，SES 最低的个体经历的歧视更多（B=0.75，p<.001），而 SES 最高的个体经历的歧视更少（B=0.36，p<.001）：在基线时，SES 最高和最低组之间自我报告的歧视差异为 15.3%比 10.8%（差异为 4.7%）。这一差异在最后一次研究中增加到 20.0%比 7.4%（差异为 12.6%）。自我报告的歧视与心理困扰之间的关联随着时间的推移而增强，但社会经济指标与困扰之间的关联并没有变化。结果表明，与 20 世纪 90 年代相比，2010 年代 SES 较低的人遭遇不公平和不尊重待遇的风险更高。
