The effect of curcumin on human islet amyloid polypeptide misfolding and toxicity.

Type 2 diabetes involves aberrant misfolding of human islet amyloid polypeptide (h-IAPP) and resultant pancreatic amyloid deposits. Curcumin, a biphenolic small molecule, has offered potential benefits in other protein misfolding diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease. Our aim was to investigate whether curcumin alters h-IAPP misfolding and protects from cellular toxicity at physiologically relevant concentrations. The effect of curcumin on h-IAPP misfolding in vitro was investigated by electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy, ThT fluorescence and electron microscopy. Our in vitro studies revealed that curcumin significantly reduces h-IAPP fibril formation and aggregates formed in the presence of curcumin display alternative morphology and structure. We then tested a potential protective effect of curcumin against h-IAPP toxicity on β-cells. Micromolar concentrations of curcumin partially protect INS cells from exogenous IAPP toxicity. This protective effect, however, is limited to a narrow concentration range, as curcumin becomes cytotoxic at micromolar concentrations. In different models of endogenous over-expression of h-IAPP (INS cells and h-IAPP transgenic rat islets), curcumin failed to protect β-cells from h-IAPP-induced apoptosis. While curcumin has the ability to inhibit amyloid formation, the present data suggest that, without further modification, it is unlikely to be therapeutically useful in protection of β-cells in type 2 diabetes.