Institute for the Environment, Brunel University, Middlesex, UK.
Arch Environ Contam Toxicol. 2011 Aug;61(2):193-201. doi: 10.1007/s00244-010-9615-1. Epub 2010 Nov 11.
Permethrin entered use in the 1970s as an insecticide in a wide range of applications, including agriculture, horticultural, and forestry, and has since been restricted. In the 21st century, the presence of permethrin in the aquatic environment has been attributed to its use as a human and veterinary pharmaceutical, in particular as a pedeculicide, in addition to other uses, such as a moth-proofing agent. However, as a consequence of its toxicity to fish, sources of permethrin and its fate and behavior during wastewater treatment are topics of concern. This study has established that high overall removal of permethrin (approximately 90%) was achieved during wastewater treatment and that this was strongly dependent on the extent of biological degradation in secondary treatment, with more limited subsequent removal in tertiary treatment processes. Sources of permethrin in the catchment matched well with measured values in crude sewage and indicated that domestic use accounted for more than half of the load to the treatment works. However, removal may not be consistent enough to achieve the environmental quality standards now being derived in many countries even where tertiary treatment processes are applied.
氯菊酯于 20 世纪 70 年代作为一种杀虫剂广泛应用于农业、园艺和林业，此后其使用受到限制。在 21 世纪，氯菊酯在水环境中的存在归因于其作为人类和兽医药物的用途，特别是作为一种除虱剂，此外还有其他用途，如防蛀剂。然而，由于其对鱼类的毒性，氯菊酯的来源及其在废水处理过程中的去向和行为是人们关注的话题。本研究表明，在废水处理过程中，氯菊酯的总体去除率（约 90%）很高，这主要取决于二级处理中生物降解的程度，而在三级处理过程中去除率有限。集水区中氯菊酯的来源与粗污水中的实测值非常吻合，表明家庭使用占处理厂负荷的一半以上。然而，即使在应用三级处理工艺的情况下，去除率也可能不够稳定，无法达到许多国家目前正在制定的环境质量标准。
