Subcellular fractionation methods and strategies for proteomics.

Developments in subcellular fractionation strategies have provided the means to profile and analyze the protein composition of organelles and cellular structures by proteomics. Here, we review the application of classical (e.g. density gradient centrifugation) and emerging sophisticated techniques (fluorescent-assisted organelle sorting) in the fractionation, and statistical/bioinformatics tools for the prediction of protein localization in subcellular proteomics. We also review the validation methods currently used (such as microscopy, RNA interference and multiple reaction monitoring) and discuss the importance of verification of the results obtained in subcellular proteomics. Finally, the numerous challenges facing subcellular proteomics including the dynamics of organelles are being examined. However, complementary approaches such as modern statistics, bioinformatics and large-scale integrative analysis are beginning to emerge as powerful tools to proteomics for analyzing subcellular organelles and structures.