Beyond the beers criteria: A comparative overview of explicit criteria.

OBJECTIVE

To provide a comparative overview of explicit criteria that have been developed since 2003 for inappropriate prescribing in older adults and to contrast these newer criteria with the most recent Beers criteria, published in 2003.

DATA SOURCES

MEDLINE and Google Scholar searches were performed from 2003 through July 2010. Within MEDLINE, MeSH terms included aged, drug prescriptions, medication errors, and polypharmacy. Free-text search terms included elderly, guideline adherence, inappropriate prescribing, and medications. Related articles, as identified by MEDLINE, were used as well. Free-text search was performed on Google Scholar, using "potentially inappropriate prescribing elderly." Additional articles were identified in reference lists of key articles.

STUDY SELECTION AND DATA EXTRACTION

Studies were selected if they were published after the most recent revision of the Beers criteria in 2003 and addressed the development and application of explicit criteria for the elderly. We independently reviewed pertinent literature to extract key information.

DATA SYNTHESIS

The first explicit criteria published were the Beers criteria, and most research regarding inappropriate medication use applied these criteria. Criteria developed subsequent to the Beers criteria include the French Consensus Panel list, STOPP (Screening Tool of Older Persons' Prescription) and START (Screening Tool to Alert doctors to Right Treatment), the Australian Prescribing Indicators tool, and the Norwegian General Practice Criteria. Newer criteria offer several improvements on the Beers criteria, namely drug-drug interactions, omission of potentially beneficial therapy, and more broadly applicable criteria across international borders.

CONCLUSIONS

Although no criteria may ever be globally applicable, STOPP and START make significant advances. Regional drug availability, economic considerations, and clinical practice patterns impact criteria selection. Research to validate the several newer criteria in various practice settings and to explore the effect of adhering to the guidelines on patient outcomes is warranted. Data from such research will aid practitioners in identifying preferred criteria.