Nutrition Department, Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27516-3997, USA.
Proc Nutr Soc. 2011 Feb;70(1):82-91. doi: 10.1017/S0029665110003903. Epub 2010 Nov 22.
The world has experienced a marked shift in the global BMI distribution towards reduced undernutrition and increased obesity. The collision between human biology, shaped over the millennia and modern technology, globalization, government policies and food industry practices have worked to create far-reaching energy imbalance across the globe. A prime example is the clash between our drinking habits and our biology. The shift from water and breast milk as the only beverages available, to a vast array of caloric beverages was very rapid, shaped both by our tastes and aggressive marketing of the beverage industry. Our biology, shaped over millennia by daily consumption of water and seasonal availability of food, was not ready to compensate for the liquid energies. Other dietary changes were similarly significant, particularly the shift towards increased frequency of eating and larger portions. The roles of the food and beverage production, distribution and marketing sectors in not only shaping our diet but also accelerating these changes must be understood. Apart from the role of beverages, there is much less consensus about the role of various components of our diet in energy imbalance. Understanding the determinants of change in the key components of our diet through an array of research provides insights into some of the options we face in attempting to attain a great balance between energy intake and expenditures while creating an overall healthier dietary pattern. A few countries are systematically addressing the causes of poor dietary and physical activity patterns and high energy imbalance.
全球的 BMI 分布发生了明显的变化，营养不良减少，肥胖增加。人类生物学在几千年的时间里形成，与现代技术、全球化、政府政策和食品工业实践发生碰撞，导致全球范围内出现了深远的能量失衡。一个典型的例子是我们的饮酒习惯和生物学之间的冲突。从水和母乳作为唯一可饮用的饮料，转变为大量的高热量饮料的速度非常快，这既受到我们口味的影响，也受到饮料行业的积极营销的影响。我们的生物学在几千年的时间里，通过每天消耗水和季节性的食物供应，还没有准备好补偿液体能量。其他饮食变化同样显著，特别是进食频率和份量的增加。食品和饮料生产、分配和营销部门的作用不仅在于塑造我们的饮食，还在于加速这些变化，这一点必须得到理解。除了饮料的作用外，对于我们饮食中各种成分在能量失衡中的作用，人们的共识要少得多。通过一系列研究来了解我们饮食的关键成分变化的决定因素，为我们在试图实现能量摄入和支出之间的巨大平衡的同时创造一个更健康的整体饮食模式时所面临的一些选择提供了一些见解。一些国家正在系统地解决不良饮食和体力活动模式以及高能量失衡的原因。
