Department of Public Health, Erasmus MC - University Medical Center Rotterdam, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
J Epidemiol Community Health. 2011 Nov;65(11):972-9. doi: 10.1136/jech.2010.111492. Epub 2010 Nov 23.
Discussions on raising pension eligibility age focus more on improvement in life expectancy (LE) and health expectancy measures than on socioeconomic differences in these measures. Therefore, this study assesses the level of socioeconomic differences in these two measures in Western-Europe.
Data from seven annual waves (1995-2001) of the European Community Household Panel were used. Health and socioeconomic information was collected using standardised questionnaires. Health was measured in terms of disability in daily activities. Socioeconomic status was determined as education level at baseline. Multi-state Markov modelling was applied to obtain age-specific transition rates between health states for every country, educational level and gender. The multi-state life table method was used to estimate LE and disability free life expectancy (DFLE) according to country, educational level and gender.
When comparing high and low educational levels, differences in partial DFLE between the ages 50 and 65 years were 2.1 years for men and 1.9 years for women. At age 65 years, for LE the difference between high and low educated groups was 3 years for men and 1.9 years for women, and for DFLE the difference between high and low educated groups was 4.6 years for men and 4.4 years for women. Similar patterns were observed in all countries, although inequalities tended to be greater in the southern countries.
Educational inequalities, favouring the higher educated, exist on both sides of the retirement eligibility age. Higher educated persons live longer in good health before retirement and can expect to live longer afterwards.
关于提高养老金领取年龄的讨论更多地集中在预期寿命（LE）和健康预期寿命衡量指标的提高上，而不是这些衡量指标在社会经济方面的差异。因此，本研究评估了西欧这两个衡量指标在社会经济方面的差异程度。
本研究使用了来自欧洲共同体家庭面板的七个年度波（1995-2001 年）的数据。使用标准化问卷收集健康和社会经济信息。健康状况以日常活动中的残疾状况来衡量。社会经济地位是根据基线的教育水平来确定的。多状态马尔可夫模型用于获得每个国家、教育水平和性别的健康状态之间的年龄特定转移率。多状态生命表法用于根据国家、教育水平和性别估算 LE 和无残疾预期寿命（DFLE）。
当比较高教育水平和低教育水平时，50 岁至 65 岁男性的部分 DFLE 差异为 2.1 岁，女性为 1.9 岁。在 65 岁时，LE 高教育水平和低教育水平之间的差异为男性 3 岁，女性 1.9 岁，DFLE 高教育水平和低教育水平之间的差异为男性 4.6 岁，女性 4.4 岁。所有国家都观察到了类似的模式，尽管在南部国家，不平等程度往往更大。
在退休资格年龄的两边都存在有利于受过高等教育的人的教育不平等现象。受过高等教育的人在退休前身体健康的寿命更长，并且可以预期在退休后活得更长。
