Indianapolis, Ind.; and New York, N.Y. From the Division of Plastic Surgery, Riley Hospital for Children, Indiana University Medical Center; Biodigital Systems, Inc.; and the Department of Informatics and the Institute of Reconstructive Plastic Surgery, New York University Medical Center.
Plast Reconstr Surg. 2010 Dec;126(6):2093-2101. doi: 10.1097/PRS.0b013e3181f5289f.
Craniofacial surgery can be challenging to teach and learn. To augment the intraoperative learning experience for surgical trainees and to provide a resource for practicing craniofacial surgeons to review uncommonly performed procedures before entering the operating room, a series of three-dimensional animations were created encompassing the most commonly performed craniofacial procedures.
Previously created three-dimensional craniofacial digital models were used to create digital animations of craniofacial surgical procedures using Maya 8.5. Digital models were altered systematically within Maya to recreate the ordered steps of each craniofacial procedure. Surgical tools were imported into Maya for use in the animations using computer-aided manufacturing files obtained directly from the manufacturer.
Nine craniofacial procedures were animated: genioplasty, bilateral sagittal split osteotomy, intraoral vertical ramus osteotomy, Le Fort I osteotomy, unifocal mandibular distraction, mandibular transport distraction, fronto-orbital advancement with cranial vault remodeling, Le Fort III advancement/distraction, and monobloc advancement/distraction. All major surgical steps are demonstrated, including exposure, execution of the osteotomy, displacement of the bone composite, and the predicted morphologic changes to the craniofacial contour. Throughout the surgical animation, the view of the surgeon in the operating room is incorporated to reproduce the vantage of the surgeon, and the overlying tissue is rendered transparent to illustrate critical underlying anatomical relationships.
The first virtual surgical atlas of craniofacial procedures is presented. These animations should serve as a resource for trainees and practicing surgeons in preparation for craniofacial surgical procedures.
颅面外科手术的教学和学习具有一定的挑战性。为了增强外科受训者的术中学习体验，并为执业颅面外科医生提供一个资源，以便在进入手术室之前复习罕见的手术操作，我们创建了一系列涵盖最常见颅面手术的三维动画。
使用先前创建的三维颅面数字模型，使用 Maya 8.5 创建颅面手术的数字动画。在 Maya 中系统地改变数字模型，以重现每个颅面手术的有序步骤。将手术工具导入 Maya 中，使用直接从制造商处获得的计算机辅助制造文件进行动画制作。
制作了 9 种颅面手术的动画：下颌骨整形术、双侧矢状劈开截骨术、口内垂直下颌支截骨术、Le Fort I 截骨术、单焦点下颌骨牵引、下颌骨平移牵引、额眶颅面推进伴颅盖重塑、Le Fort III 推进/牵引术、和整块骨推进/牵引术。所有主要手术步骤均得到展示，包括显露、截骨执行、骨复合移位以及对颅面轮廓的预期形态变化。在整个手术动画中，纳入了手术室中外科医生的视角，以重现外科医生的视角，并使覆盖的组织透明化，以说明关键的潜在解剖关系。
首次提出了颅面手术的虚拟手术图谱。这些动画应该作为受训者和执业外科医生准备颅面手术的资源。
