Indianapolis, Ind.; and New York, N.Y. From the Division of Plastic Surgery, Riley Hospital for Children, Indiana University Medical Center; Biodigital Systems, Inc.; and the Institute of Reconstructive Plastic Surgery and the Department of Informatics, New York University Medical Center.
Plast Reconstr Surg. 2010 Dec;126(6):2084-2092. doi: 10.1097/PRS.0b013e3181f526f6.
Three-dimensional digital animation can enable surgeons to create anatomically accurate, virtual models of normal and pathologic human anatomy. From these models, surgical procedures can be digitally performed, recorded, and distributed as a teaching tool or as a virtual surgical atlas. The idea of a virtual surgical atlas has recently become a part of contemporary surgical teaching. In the field of craniofacial surgery, no such educational tool exists. Presented is the first part of the creation of a virtual atlas of craniofacial surgical procedures: the three-dimensional digital modeling of pathologic deformities commonly treated by craniofacial surgeons.
Three-dimensional craniofacial models were constructed using Maya 8.5. A skeletally "normal" craniofacial skeleton was first produced from a preexisting digital skull using Bolton tracings as a reference. The remaining soft-tissue elements were then added to create an anatomically complete three-dimensional face. The "normal" model was then deformed in Maya to produce specific craniofacial deformities using computed tomographic scans, cephalograms, and photographs as a reference. One of the craniofacial deformity models was created directly from computed tomographic data.
One model of the normal face and eight pathologic models of craniofacial deformities were created: microgenia, micrognathia, prognathia, temporomandibular joint ankylosis, maxillary hypoplasia, Crouzon syndrome with and without the need for cranial vault expansion, and bicoronal craniosynostosis.
For the first time, anatomically accurate three-dimensional digital models of craniofacial deformities have been created. The models are the first step in the creation of a virtual surgical atlas of craniofacial procedures.
三维数字动画可以使外科医生创建解剖学上准确的正常和病理人体解剖的虚拟模型。通过这些模型，可以对手术过程进行数字化操作、记录，并将其作为教学工具或虚拟手术图谱进行分发。虚拟手术图谱的想法最近已成为当代外科教学的一部分。在颅面外科领域，尚不存在此类教育工具。本文介绍了创建颅面外科手术虚拟图谱的第一部分内容：颅面外科医生常用的病理性畸形的三维数字建模。
使用 Maya 8.5 构建三维颅面模型。首先，使用 Bolton 描迹作为参考，从现有的数字颅骨中生成骨骼“正常”颅面骨骼。然后添加其余的软组织元素，以创建解剖学上完整的三维面部。然后在 Maya 中对“正常”模型进行变形，使用计算机断层扫描、头颅侧位片和照片作为参考，生成特定的颅面畸形。其中一个颅面畸形模型是直接从计算机断层扫描数据中创建的。
创建了一个正常面部模型和八个颅面畸形模型：小颌畸形、小下颌畸形、下颌前突、颞下颌关节强直、上颌发育不全、Crouzon 综合征（需要或不需要颅盖扩张）和双侧冠状缝早闭。
首次创建了解剖学准确的颅面畸形三维数字模型。这些模型是创建颅面手术虚拟图谱的第一步。
