Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21224-6823, USA.
Drug Alcohol Depend. 2011 May 1;115(1-2):150-5. doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2010.11.005. Epub 2010 Dec 4.
Salvinorin A is a potent, selective nonnitrogenous kappa opioid agonist and the known psychoactive constituent of Salvia divinorum, a member of the mint family that has been used for centuries by Mazatec shamans of Mexico for divination and spiritual healing. S. divinorum has over the last several years gained increased popularity as a recreational drug. This is a double-blind, placebo controlled study of salvinorin A in 4 psychologically and physically healthy hallucinogen-using adults. Across sessions, participants inhaled 16 ascending doses of salvinorin A and 4 intermixed placebo doses under comfortable and supportive conditions. Doses ranged from 0.375 μg/kg to 21 μg/kg. Subject-rated drug strength was assessed every 2 min for 60 min after inhalation. Orderly time- and dose-related effects were observed. Drug strength ratings peaked at 2 min (first time point) and definite subjective effects were no longer present at approximately 20 min after inhalation. Dose-related increases were observed on questionnaire measures of mystical-type experience (Mysticism Scale) and subjective effects associated with classic serotonergic (5-HT2(A)) hallucinogens (Hallucinogen Rating Scale). Salvinorin A did not significantly increase heart rate or blood pressure. Participant narratives indicated intense experiences characterized by disruptions in vestibular and interoceptive signals (e.g., change in spatial orientation, pressure on the body) and unusual and sometimes recurring themes across sessions such as revisiting childhood memories, cartoon-like imagery, and contact with entities. Under these prepared and supportive conditions, salvinorin A occasioned a unique profile of subjective effects having similarities to classic hallucinogens, including mystical-type effects.
阿片受体激动剂是一种有效的、选择性的非氮类κ型阿片受体激动剂，也是 Salvia divinorum 的已知精神活性成分， Salvia divinorum 是唇形科的一个成员，几个世纪以来，墨西哥的 Mazatec 萨满一直用它来占卜和精神治疗。近年来， Salvia divinorum 作为一种消遣性药物越来越受欢迎。这是一项在 4 名心理健康和身体健康的致幻剂使用者中进行的 Salvinorin A 的双盲、安慰剂对照研究。在各次试验中，参与者在舒适和支持的条件下吸入 16 种递增剂量的 Salvinorin A 和 4 种混合安慰剂剂量。剂量范围从 0.375μg/kg 到 21μg/kg。吸入后 60 分钟内，每 2 分钟评估一次受试者对药物强度的评分。观察到有序的时间和剂量相关的效应。药物强度评分在吸入后 2 分钟（第一个时间点）达到峰值，并且在吸入后约 20 分钟时不再存在明确的主观效应。问卷测量的神秘型体验（神秘主义量表）和与经典 5-羟色胺能（5-HT2(A)）致幻剂相关的主观效应的剂量相关增加。Salvinorin A 没有显著增加心率或血压。参与者的叙述表明，体验强烈，表现为前庭和内脏信号的中断（例如，空间方向的改变，身体的压力），以及跨试验的不寻常且有时反复出现的主题，如重温童年记忆、卡通般的图像和与实体的接触。在这些准备好的和支持性的条件下， Salvinorin A 引起了一种独特的主观效应模式，与经典致幻剂相似，包括神秘型效应。
