Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia.
Sports Med. 2011 Jan 1;41(1):17-38. doi: 10.2165/11537690-000000000-00000.
This series of reviews focuses on the most important neuromuscular function in many sport performances, the ability to generate maximal muscular power. Part 1 focuses on the factors that affect maximal power production, while part 2, which will follow in a forthcoming edition of Sports Medicine, explores the practical application of these findings by reviewing the scientific literature relevant to the development of training programmes that most effectively enhance maximal power production. The ability of the neuromuscular system to generate maximal power is affected by a range of interrelated factors. Maximal muscular power is defined and limited by the force-velocity relationship and affected by the length-tension relationship. The ability to generate maximal power is influenced by the type of muscle action involved and, in particular, the time available to develop force, storage and utilization of elastic energy, interactions of contractile and elastic elements, potentiation of contractile and elastic filaments as well as stretch reflexes. Furthermore, maximal power production is influenced by morphological factors including fibre type contribution to whole muscle area, muscle architectural features and tendon properties as well as neural factors including motor unit recruitment, firing frequency, synchronization and inter-muscular coordination. In addition, acute changes in the muscle environment (i.e. alterations resulting from fatigue, changes in hormone milieu and muscle temperature) impact the ability to generate maximal power. Resistance training has been shown to impact each of these neuromuscular factors in quite specific ways. Therefore, an understanding of the biological basis of maximal power production is essential for developing training programmes that effectively enhance maximal power production in the human.
本综述系列聚焦于许多运动表现中最重要的神经肌肉功能，即产生最大肌肉力量的能力。第 1 部分重点介绍影响最大力量产生的因素，而第 2 部分将在下一期《运动医学》中探讨这些发现的实际应用，通过回顾与发展最有效地提高最大力量产生的训练计划相关的科学文献来探讨这些发现。
神经肌肉系统产生最大力量的能力受到一系列相互关联的因素的影响。最大肌肉力量由力量-速度关系定义和限制，并受长度-张力关系的影响。产生最大力量的能力受到所涉及的肌肉动作类型的影响，特别是产生力量的时间、弹性能量的储存和利用、收缩和弹性元件的相互作用、收缩和弹性纤维的增强以及伸展反射。此外，最大力量的产生还受到形态学因素的影响，包括纤维类型对整块肌肉面积的贡献、肌肉结构特征和肌腱特性，以及神经因素，包括运动单位募集、放电频率、同步和肌肉间协调。此外，肌肉环境的急性变化（即疲劳、激素环境变化和肌肉温度变化导致的变化）会影响产生最大力量的能力。阻力训练已被证明以非常特定的方式影响这些神经肌肉因素中的每一个。因此，了解最大力量产生的生物学基础对于开发有效提高人类最大力量产生的训练计划至关重要。
