Department of Psychology, George Washington University, 2125 G Street, NW, Washington, DC 20052, USA.
Dev Psychol. 2011 May;47(3):676-92. doi: 10.1037/a0021812.
The degree to which child temperament moderates genetic and environmental contributions to parenting was examined. Participants were drawn from the Nonshared Environment and Adolescent Development project and included 720 sibling pairs, ages 13.5 + 2.0 years (Sibling 1) to 12.1 + 1.3 years (Sibling 2). The sample consisted of 6 sibling types: 93 monozygotic twin pairs, 99 dizygotic twin pairs, and 95 full sibling pairs from never-divorced families and 182 full-sibling, 109 half-sibling, and 130 unrelated-sibling pairs residing in stepfamilies. Composite child temperament ratings (negative emotionality, activity, shyness, and sociability) were derived from mothers' and fathers' reports. Composite parenting ratings (negativity, warmth) for mothers and fathers were generated from children's and parents' reports. Analyses indicated that at higher levels of negative emotionality and sociability, child-based genetic contributions to mothers' and fathers' negativity increased, whereas the contributions of environmental factors declined. The opposite pattern was observed for child shyness. These same characteristics had less impact on parental warmth. For fathers only, nonshared environmental contributions to fathers' warmth increased in the presence of high child activity and sociability but declined when children were very shy. Overall these findings indicate that child-based effects on negative parenting are enhanced when children demonstrate potentially challenging characteristics but are weaker in the absence of such characteristics.
本研究旨在探讨儿童气质在多大程度上调节了遗传和环境因素对父母教养方式的影响。研究参与者来自于非共享环境与青少年发展项目，共包括 720 对兄弟姐妹，年龄在 13.5 岁+2.0 岁（Sibling 1）到 12.1 岁+1.3 岁（Sibling 2）之间。样本包括 6 种兄弟姐妹类型：93 对同卵双胞胎、99 对异卵双胞胎、以及来自于未离异家庭的 95 对全同胞兄弟姐妹，还有 182 对来自于继父或继母家庭的全同胞、109 对半同胞和 130 对无血缘关系的兄弟姐妹。儿童气质的综合评分（负向情绪、活动水平、害羞和社交能力）由母亲和父亲的报告得出。母亲和父亲的教养方式综合评分（消极性、温暖性）则由孩子和父母的报告得出。分析结果表明，在儿童负向情绪和社交能力水平较高的情况下，儿童特质相关的遗传因素对父母消极性的影响增加，而环境因素的影响则降低。儿童的害羞特质则呈现出相反的模式。这些特质对父母温暖性的影响较小。仅对父亲而言，在儿童活动水平和社交能力较高的情况下，父亲教养方式的非共享环境因素对父亲温暖性的影响增加，但当孩子非常害羞时，这种影响则降低。总体而言，这些发现表明，当儿童表现出潜在的挑战性特征时，儿童特质对消极教养方式的影响会增强，但在缺乏这些特征的情况下，这种影响会减弱。
