Center for Injury Research and Policy, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio 43205, USA.
Am J Prev Med. 2011 Jan;40(1):54-60. doi: 10.1016/j.amepre.2010.09.031.
Exertional heat-related injuries are a risk to all physically active individuals in warm or hot environments. Unlike classic heat-related injury, exertional heat-related injuries do not require extreme ambient temperatures to cause injury. Still, exertional heat-related injuries, including heat cramps, heat syncope, heat exhaustion, heat stress, and heat stroke, can result in injuries causing a range of outcomes from minimal discomfort to death.
The purpose of this paper was to describe the epidemiology of exertional heat-related injuries treated in U.S. emergency departments.
A retrospective analysis was conducted using data from the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System of the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission for all ages from 1997 through 2006. Data provided by the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System were used to calculate national estimates of exertional heat-related injuries. Trends of exertional heat-related injuries over time were analyzed using linear regression.
Nationally, an estimated 54,983 (95% CI=39995, 69970) patients were treated in U.S. emergency departments for exertional heat-related injuries from 1997 to 2006. The number of exertional heat-related injuries increased significantly from 3192 in 1997 to 7452 in 2006 (p=0.002), representing a 133.5% increase. The overall exertional heat-related injury rate per 100,000 U.S. population more than doubled from 1.2 in 1997 to 2.5 in 2006 (p=0.005). Patients aged ≤19 years accounted for the largest proportion of exertional heat-related injuries (47.6%). The majority of exertional heat-related injuries were associated with performing a sport or exercising (75.5%) and yard work (11.0%). The majority of patients (90.4%) were treated and released from the emergency department. Patients aged ≤19 years sustained a larger proportion of sports and recreation exertional heat-related injuries, whereas patients aged 40-59 years and ≥60 years sustained a larger proportion of exertional heat-related injuries from yard work.
This study confirms that although there is a risk of exertional heat-related injury among all physically active individuals, sports pose a specific risk for people of all ages especially among children and adolescents playing football. Many "everyday" activities such as yard work and home maintenance also pose risks of exertional heat-related injury, particularly to those aged ≥40 years. Further research on risk factors of exertional heat-related injuries during home maintenance and yard work as well as appropriate prevention practices is needed.
运动性热相关损伤是所有在温暖或炎热环境中进行体力活动的个体的风险。与经典的热相关损伤不同，运动性热相关损伤不需要极端的环境温度就会造成损伤。然而，运动性热相关损伤，包括热痉挛、热晕厥、热衰竭、热应激和热射病，可能导致从轻微不适到死亡等各种结果的损伤。
本文旨在描述美国急诊室治疗的运动性热相关损伤的流行病学。
使用美国消费品安全委员会国家电子伤害监测系统 1997 年至 2006 年所有年龄段的数据进行回顾性分析。国家电子伤害监测系统提供的数据用于计算运动性热相关损伤的全国估计数。使用线性回归分析随时间推移的运动性热相关损伤趋势。
全国范围内，1997 年至 2006 年期间，估计有 54983 名（95%CI=39995，69970）患者因运动性热相关损伤在美国急诊室接受治疗。运动性热相关损伤的数量从 1997 年的 3192 例显著增加到 2006 年的 7452 例（p=0.002），增长了 133.5%。每 100000 名美国人口中运动性热相关损伤的总体发生率从 1997 年的 1.2 增加到 2006 年的 2.5（p=0.005），增加了一倍多。年龄≤19 岁的患者占运动性热相关损伤的最大比例（47.6%）。大多数运动性热相关损伤与运动或锻炼（75.5%）和庭院工作（11.0%）有关。大多数患者（90.4%）在急诊室接受治疗并出院。年龄≤19 岁的患者发生的运动性和娱乐性热相关损伤比例较大，而年龄 40-59 岁和≥60 岁的患者因庭院工作而发生的运动性热相关损伤比例较大。
本研究证实，尽管所有体力活动的个体都存在运动性热相关损伤的风险，但运动对所有年龄段的人，尤其是儿童和青少年踢足球时，存在特定的风险。许多“日常”活动，如庭院工作和家庭维护，也存在运动性热相关损伤的风险，特别是对于≥40 岁的人。需要进一步研究家庭维护和庭院工作期间运动性热相关损伤的危险因素以及适当的预防措施。
