Department of Preventive Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA.
Phys Sportsmed. 2010 Dec;38(4):35-47. doi: 10.3810/psm.2010.12.1823.
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommend vaccinations from birth through adulthood for lifetime protection against many diseases and infections. Healthy, active adults need to be vaccinated for personal protection against infection as well as associated health benefits (eg, ability to maintain their daily activities). Immunization also reduces the risk of an individual transmitting infection to others, thereby conferring protection to his or her entire community. In the United States, influenza and pertussis (part of the trivalent Tdap) vaccines are recommended for every adult. There are other important vaccines for adults: the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine is recommended for every adult female aged up to 26 years, shingles vaccine is recommended for all adults aged ≥ 60 years, and pneumococcal vaccine is recommended based on age (all adults aged ≥ 65 years) and risk factors. Hepatitis A, hepatitis B, and meningococcal vaccines are recommended for adults with certain risk factors or conditions that increase their risk for serious complications (ie, there are no age-based recommendations for these vaccines in adults). Catch-up vaccination is also recommended for adults who have no evidence or proof of immunity to selected, traditionally childhood infections (ie, measles, mumps, rubella, and varicella). Despite the established safety and efficacy of vaccines for disease prevention, millions of adults who should be vaccinated are not, resulting in substantial and avoidable morbidity and mortality, as well as health care expenditures. It is incumbent on health care providers to raise awareness among their adult patients and encourage vaccination, thereby improving uptake among eligible adults. Routine vaccination into adulthood must be viewed as standard of care and an integral component of a comprehensive preventive care program.
疾病控制与预防中心（CDC）建议从出生到成年进行疫苗接种，以终生预防许多疾病和感染。健康、活跃的成年人需要接种疫苗，以保护自己免受感染，并获得相关的健康益处（例如，保持日常活动的能力）。免疫接种还可以降低个体将感染传播给他人的风险，从而为其整个社区提供保护。在美国，流感和百日咳（Tdap 的一部分）疫苗建议为每个成年人接种。还有其他重要的成人疫苗：人乳头瘤病毒（HPV）疫苗建议为每个年龄在 26 岁以下的成年女性接种，带状疱疹疫苗建议为所有年龄在 60 岁以上的成年人接种，肺炎球菌疫苗建议根据年龄（所有年龄在 65 岁以上的成年人）和危险因素接种。甲型肝炎、乙型肝炎和脑膜炎球菌疫苗建议为有特定危险因素或增加严重并发症风险的成年人接种（即，这些疫苗在成年人中没有基于年龄的建议）。对于没有选定的传统儿童感染（即麻疹、腮腺炎、风疹和水痘）免疫证据或证明的成年人，也建议进行补种疫苗。尽管疫苗在预防疾病方面的安全性和有效性已经得到证实，但数以百万计的应该接种疫苗的成年人没有接种疫苗，导致大量可避免的发病率和死亡率，以及医疗保健支出。医疗保健提供者有责任提高成年患者的认识，并鼓励接种疫苗，从而提高合格成年人的接种率。将常规疫苗接种纳入成年期必须被视为护理标准，并且是综合预防保健计划的一个组成部分。
