Departamento de Psicologia e Educação, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
Braz J Med Biol Res. 2011 Feb;44(2):165-72. doi: 10.1590/s0100-879x2010007500148. Epub 2010 Dec 22.
The combined influence of tempo and mode on emotional responses to music was studied by crossing 7 changes in mode with 3 changes in tempo. Twenty-four musicians aged 19 to 25 years (12 males and 12 females) and 24 nonmusicians aged 17 to 25 years (12 males and 12 females) were required to perform two tasks: 1) listening to different musical excerpts, and 2) associating an emotion to them such as happiness, serenity, fear, anger, or sadness. ANOVA showed that increasing the tempo strongly affected the arousal (F(2,116) = 268.62, mean square error (MSE) = 0.6676, P < 0.001) and, to a lesser extent, the valence of emotional responses (F(6,348) = 8.71, MSE = 0.6196, P < 0.001). Changes in modes modulated the affective valence of the perceived emotions (F(6,348) = 4.24, MSE = 0.6764, P < 0.001). Some interactive effects were found between tempo and mode (F (1,58) = 115.6, MSE = 0.6428, P < 0.001), but, in most cases, the two parameters had additive effects. This finding demonstrates that small changes in the pitch structures of modes modulate the emotions associated with the pieces, confirming the cognitive foundation of emotional responses to music.
研究了节奏和调式的综合影响对音乐情绪反应的影响，方法是用 3 种节奏变化和 7 种调式变化进行交叉。24 名年龄在 19 至 25 岁的音乐家（12 名男性和 12 名女性）和 24 名年龄在 17 至 25 岁的非音乐家（12 名男性和 12 名女性）被要求完成两项任务：1）听不同的音乐片段，2）将一种情绪与之相关联，如快乐、平静、恐惧、愤怒或悲伤。方差分析表明，节奏的增加强烈影响了情绪的唤醒（F(2,116) = 268.62，均方误差（MSE）= 0.6676，P < 0.001），并且在较小程度上影响了情绪反应的愉悦度（F(6,348) = 8.71，MSE = 0.6196，P < 0.001）。调式的变化调节了感知情绪的情感愉悦度（F(6,348) = 4.24，MSE = 0.6764，P < 0.001）。在节奏和调式之间发现了一些交互效应（F(1,58) = 115.6，MSE = 0.6428，P < 0.001），但在大多数情况下，这两个参数具有加性效应。这一发现表明，调式的音高结构的微小变化调节了与乐曲相关联的情绪，证实了对音乐情绪反应的认知基础。
