Department of Biology, Villanova University, 800 Lancaster Ave., Villanova, PA 19085, USA.
Mol Phylogenet Evol. 2011 Apr;59(1):1-22. doi: 10.1016/j.ympev.2010.12.007. Epub 2010 Dec 22.
We used a multi-gene approach to assess the phylogenetic relationships of New Zealand diplodactylid geckos to their Australian and New Caledonian relatives and to one another. Data from nuclear (RAG-1, PDC) and mitochondrial (ND2, 16S) genes from >180 specimens representing all 19 recognized New Zealand taxa and all but two of 20 putatively new species suggested by previous studies were analyzed using Maximum Parsimony, Maximum Likelihood and Bayesian inference. All analyses retrieved a monophyletic New Zealand clade, most closely related to the Australian Diplodactylidae exclusive of Pseudothecadactylus. Hoplodactylus is paraphyletic and composed of two morphological groups: a broad-toed clade, consisting of the island-restricted, largest extant species, Hoplodactylus duvaucelii, and the species-rich, wide-ranging Hoplodactylus maculatus clade; and a narrow-toed clade, comprising five monophyletic subgroups: Naultinus, the Hoplodactylus pacificus and Hoplodactylus granulatus clades, and the distinctive species Hoplodactylus rakiurae and Hoplodactylus stephensi. Each of these lineages is here recognized at the generic level. Our data support recognition of 16 new species (36 total), and five new or resurrected genera (seven total). The New Zealand diplodactylid radiation split from its Australian relatives 40.2mya (95% highest posterior density estimate 28.9-53.5), after the opening of the Tasman Sea. Their distribution cannot, therefore, be regarded as derived as a result of Gondwanana vicariance. The age of the New Zealand crown group, 24.4mya (95% highest posterior density estimate 15.5-33.8), encompasses the period of the 'Oligocene drowning' of New Zealand and is consistent with the hypothesis that New Zealand was not completely inundated during this period. Major lineages within New Zealand geckos diverged chiefly during the mid- to late Miocene, probably in association with a suite of geological and climatological factors that have characterized the region's complex history.
我们采用多基因方法来评估新西兰双足蜥科蜥蜴与其澳大利亚和新喀里多尼亚亲缘物种以及彼此之间的系统发育关系。对来自 180 多个标本的核基因（RAG-1、PDC）和线粒体基因（ND2、16S）进行了分析，这些标本代表了所有 19 个已被承认的新西兰分类群，以及之前研究中提出的 20 个假定新物种中的除了两个之外的所有物种。使用最大简约法、最大似然法和贝叶斯推断法对数据进行了分析。所有分析都检索到一个单系的新西兰分支，与澳大利亚双足蜥科蜥蜴最密切相关，不包括 Pseudothecadactylus。Hoplodactylus 是并系的，由两个形态群组成：一个宽足群，由岛屿限制的、现存最大的物种 Hoplodactylus duvaucelii 和物种丰富的、广泛分布的 Hoplodactylus maculatus 群组成；以及一个窄足群，由五个单系亚群组成：Naultinus、Hoplodactylus pacificus 和 Hoplodactylus granulatus 群，以及独特的物种 Hoplodactylus rakiurae 和 Hoplodactylus stephensi。这里将这些谱系都归为属级。我们的数据支持识别 16 个新物种（共 36 个）和 5 个新的或复活的属（共 7 个）。新西兰双足蜥科的辐射与澳大利亚的亲缘物种在塔斯曼海开放后 40.2 百万年前（95%最高后验密度估计值为 28.9-53.5）分离。因此，它们的分布不能被视为冈瓦纳大陆分裂的结果。新西兰冠群的年龄为 24.4 百万年前（95%最高后验密度估计值为 15.5-33.8），涵盖了新西兰“渐新世淹没”时期，这与假设新西兰在这段时间内没有完全被淹没一致。新西兰蜥蜴中的主要谱系主要在中新世中期至晚期分化，可能与一系列地质和气候因素有关，这些因素是该地区复杂历史的特征。
