Rusconi Franca, Catelan Dolores, Accetta Gabriele, Peluso Marco, Pistelli Riccardo, Barbone Fabio, Di Felice Eliana, Munnia Armelle, Murgia Paolo, Paladini Luciana, Serci Alessandro, Biggeri Annibale
Unit of Epidemiology, Anna Meyer Children's University Hospital, Florence, Italy.
J Asthma. 2011 Feb;48(1):84-90. doi: 10.3109/02770903.2010.538106. Epub 2010 Dec 29.
Little is known about the effects of exposure to petroleum refinery emissions on respiratory health in children. We evaluated lung function and markers of inflammation and oxidative stress in children and adolescents with and without asthma or wheezing symptoms living in a petrochemical polluted area (Sarroch, Sardinia) versus a reference area (Burcei).
Parents of 275/300 6- to 14-year-old children living in Sarroch and parents of 214/323 children living in Burcei answered a questionnaire on respiratory symptoms and risk factors. Measurements of forced expiratory volume after 1 second (FEV(1)) and of forced expiratory flow rates at 25-75% of vital capacity (FEF(25-75)) were available in 27 and 23 asthma/wheezing-positive subjects and in 7 and 54 asthma/wheezing-negative subjects in Sarroch and in Burcei, respectively; for fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FE(NO)) corresponding figures were 27 and 24 and 8 and 55 in Sarroch and in Burcei, respectively. Malondialdehyde-deoxyguanosine (MDA-dG) adduct levels in nasal mucosa were measured in 12- to 14-year-old adolescents (8 and 14 asthma/wheezing-positive and 20 and 28 asthma/wheezing-negative subjects in Sarroch and in Burcei, respectively). Air pollutants were assessed during 3 weeks, starting 1 week before lung function, FE(NO), and MDA-dG measurements. Generalized linear models were used to estimate the effect of the area of residence adjusting for confounders.
Weekly average concentrations of sulfur dioxide were 6.9-61.6 μg/m(3) in Sarroch versus 0.3-7.6 μg/m(3) in the rural area of Burcei; of nitrogen dioxide, 5.2-28.7 μg/m(3) versus 1.7-5.3 μg/m(3); and of benzene, 1.8-9.0 μg/m(3) versus 1.3-1.5 μg/m(3), respectively. Children living in Sarroch versus children living in the reference area showed an increase in wheezing symptoms {adjusted prevalence ratio=1.70 [90% confidence interval (CI)=1.01; 2.86]}; a decrease in lung function [variation in FEV(1)=-10.3% (90% CI=-15.0; -6.0%) and in FEF(25-75)=-12.9% (90% CI=-20.7; -4.3%)]; an increase in bronchial inflammation [variation in FE(NO)=+35% (90% CI=11.7; 80.1%)]; and an increase in MDA-dG adducts of +83% (90% CI=22.9; 174.1%).
Data from this small study are consistent with the role of environmental pollutants on lung function and inflammation.
关于接触炼油厂排放物对儿童呼吸健康的影响，人们了解甚少。我们评估了生活在石化污染地区（撒罗奇，撒丁岛）与对照地区（布尔采伊）的有或无哮喘或喘息症状的儿童及青少年的肺功能、炎症标志物和氧化应激指标。
居住在撒罗奇的300名6至14岁儿童中的275名儿童的家长以及居住在布尔采伊的323名儿童中的214名儿童的家长回答了一份关于呼吸道症状和危险因素的问卷。在撒罗奇和布尔采伊，分别有27名和23名哮喘/喘息阳性受试者以及7名和54名哮喘/喘息阴性受试者可进行1秒用力呼气量（FEV₁）和肺活量25%至75%时的用力呼气流量（FEF₂₅₋₇₅）测量；对于呼出一氧化氮分数（FE(NO)），撒罗奇和布尔采伊的相应数字分别为27名和24名以及8名和55名。在12至14岁青少年中测量了鼻黏膜中的丙二醛 - 脱氧鸟苷（MDA - dG）加合物水平（撒罗奇和布尔采伊分别有8名和14名哮喘/喘息阳性以及20名和28名哮喘/喘息阴性受试者）。在肺功能、FE(NO)和MDA - dG测量前1周开始的3周内评估空气污染物。使用广义线性模型估计居住地区对混杂因素进行调整后的影响。
撒罗奇的二氧化硫每周平均浓度为6.9 - 61.6μg/m³，而布尔采伊农村地区为0.3 - 7.6μg/m³；二氧化氮分别为5.2 - 28.7μg/m³和1.7 - 5.3μg/m³；苯分别为1.8 - 9.0μg/m³和1.3 - 1.5μg/m³。与居住在对照地区的儿童相比，居住在撒罗奇的儿童喘息症状增加{调整患病率比 = 1.70 [90%置信区间（CI）= 1.01；2.86]}；肺功能下降[FEV₁变化 = -10.3%（90% CI = -15.0； -6.0%），FEF₂₅₋₇₅变化 = -12.9%（90% CI = -20.7； -4.3%）]；支气管炎症增加[FE(NO)变化 = +35%（90% CI = 11.7；80.1%）]；MDA - dG加合物增加83%（90% CI = 22.9；174.1%）。
这项小型研究的数据与环境污染物对肺功能和炎症的作用一致。
