Pruser Kaci N, Flynn Nick E
Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Angelo State University, San Angelo, TX 76909, USA.
Front Biosci (Schol Ed). 2011 Jan 1;3(1):41-51. doi: 10.2741/s130.
Acrylamide has been classified as a probable carcinogen and can be ingested, inhaled (e.g. tobacco smoke), or absorbed. Fried, starchy foods are the most prominent sources of exposure. The reaction between asparagine and fructose typically produces the most acrylamide in foods from plant sources. Preparation methods shown to affect acrylamide production include temperature and cooking oil. Hemoglobin adducts present a reliable short term measurement of acrylamide exposure; a variety of methods, predominately LC/MS-MS, have been used for acrylamide detection. Health effects of acrylamide include neurotoxicity and genotoxicity. It is believed that the electrophilic nature of acrylamide will allow it to adduct to thiol groups on nerve axons and proteins that regulate neurotransmitter exocytosis. Presynaptic nitric oxide (NO) may also play a role here. Reproductively, males demonstrate a decrease in sperm count, motility and morphology. Acrylamide produces clastogenic effects while glycidamide (GA), its metabolite, produces mutagenic effects. A number of protective measures against the effects of acrylamide are possible including probiotics, increased use of compounds known to decrease acrylamide production and bioengineering of precursor foods such as potatoes.
丙烯酰胺已被列为可能的致癌物，可通过摄入、吸入（如烟草烟雾）或吸收进入人体。油炸淀粉类食品是最主要的接触源。天冬酰胺和果糖之间的反应通常会在植物源食品中产生最多的丙烯酰胺。已证明影响丙烯酰胺生成的制备方法包括温度和烹饪油。血红蛋白加合物是丙烯酰胺接触的可靠短期测量指标；多种方法，主要是液相色谱/串联质谱法，已用于丙烯酰胺检测。丙烯酰胺对健康的影响包括神经毒性和遗传毒性。据信，丙烯酰胺的亲电性质使其能够与神经轴突上的硫醇基团以及调节神经递质胞吐作用的蛋白质结合。突触前一氧化氮（NO）可能也在此发挥作用。在生殖方面，男性表现出精子数量、活力和形态的下降。丙烯酰胺会产生致断裂效应，而其代谢产物环氧丙酰胺（GA）会产生致突变效应。针对丙烯酰胺的影响有多种保护措施，包括使用益生菌、增加使用已知可减少丙烯酰胺生成的化合物以及对诸如土豆等前体食品进行生物工程改造。
