Stuttering: current status of theory and therapy.

When people become concerned about stuttering, either their own or their child's, they typically seek help from their family physician or pediatrician. Characteristics and effects of stuttering can help the physician determine whether the child's speech patterns are within normal range or could be early warning signs of stuttering. Referral to a speech-language pathologist should be considered when any of the following are noted: excessive part-word repetitions or sound prolongations; signs of tension, such as lip tremors, facial grimaces, or breath holding associated with speech; indications of embarrassment or apprehension; and a tendency to withdraw from speech opportunities. The authors briefly review theories on the causes of stuttering, describe current therapy, and identify some specialized treatment centres.