Laurent Keller is at the Institut de Zoologie et d'Ecologie Animale, Université de Lausanne, Bâtiment de Biologie, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; Zoologisches Institut, Bern Universität, Ethologische Station Hash, Wohlenstrasse 50a, 3032 Hinterkappelen, Switzerland.
Trends Ecol Evol. 1995 Sep;10(9):355-60. doi: 10.1016/s0169-5347(00)89133-8.
The evolution of animal societies in which some individuals forego their own reproductive opportunities to help others to reproduce poses an evolutionary paradox that can be traced to Darwin. Altruism may evolve through kin selection when the donor and recipient of altruistic acts are related to each other, as generally is the case in social birds and mammals. Similarly, social insect workers are highly related to the brood they rear when colonies are headed by a single queen. However, recent studies have shown that insect colonies frequently contain several queens, with the effect of decreasing relatedness among colony members. How can one account for the origin and maintenance of such colonies? This evolutionary enigma presents many of the same theoretical challenges as does the evolution of cooperative breeding and eusociality.
动物社会中一些个体放弃自身繁殖机会来帮助其他个体繁殖的进化悖论可以追溯到达尔文。当利他行为的施与者和接受者之间存在亲缘关系时，利他行为可以通过亲缘选择进化，这种情况在社会性鸟类和哺乳动物中通常是如此。同样，当蚁群由一只蚁后领导时，工蚁与它们养育的幼虫高度相关。然而，最近的研究表明，昆虫群体中经常存在多个蚁后，这降低了群体成员之间的亲缘关系。如何解释这种群体的起源和维持？这种进化之谜与合作繁殖和真社会性的进化提出了许多相同的理论挑战。
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