Dept of Zoology, University of Aarhus, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark; Dept of Zoology, Oxford University, Oxford, UK OX1 3PS.
Trends Ecol Evol. 1998 Apr 1;13(4):159-63. doi: 10.1016/s0169-5347(97)01283-4.
Dwarf males are often found in species with sedentary females, where they typically cohabit in varying degrees of intimacy. This is short of true parasitism because, in return for room and board, males provide the benefit of sperm. Sexual selection rarely seems to be an option to explain male dwarfing, whereas natural selection often can.
矮雄性通常在雌性固着的物种中被发现，它们通常以不同程度的亲密关系共同生活。这与真正的寄生虫生活方式不同，因为雄性以提供精子为代价换取居住和食物。性选择似乎很少成为解释雄性矮小化的一个选择，而自然选择通常可以。
