Ribosomal 5S RNA from Xenopus laevis oocytes: conformation and interaction with transcription factor IIIA.

This review describes extensive studies on 5S rRNA from X laevis oocytes combining conformational analyses in solution (using a variety of chemical and enzymatic probes), computer modeling, site-directed mutagenesis, crosslinking and TFIIIA binding. The proposed 3-dimensional model adopts a Y-shaped structure with no tertiary interactions between the different domains of the RNA. The conserved nucleotides are not crucial for the tertiary folding but they maintain an intrinsic structure in the loop regions. The model was tested by the analysis of several 5S rRNA mutants. A series of 5S RNA mutants with defined block sequence changes in regions corresponding to each of the loop regions was constructed by in vitro transcription of the mutated genes. Our results show that none of the mutations perturbs the Y-shaped structure of the RNA, although they induce conformational changes restricted to the mutated regions. The interaction of the resulting 5S rRNA mutants with TFIIIA was determined by a direct binding assay. Only the mutations in the hinge region between the 3 helical domains have a significant effect on the binding for the protein. Finally, TFIIIA was crosslinked by the use of trans-diamminedichloroplatinum (II) to a region covering the fork region. Our results show that (i) the tertiary structure does not involve long-range interactions; (ii) the intrinsic structures in loops are strictly sequence-dependent; (iii) the hinge nucleotides govern the relative orientation of the 3 helical domains; (iv) TFIIIA recognizes essentially specific features of the tertiary structure of 5S rRNA.