Bastiaanse Roelien, Rispens Judith, Ruigendijk Esther, Rabadaán Oneésimo Juncos, Thompson Cynthia K
Graduate School for Behavioral and Cognitive Neurosciences, University of Groningen, The Netherlands.
J Neurolinguistics. 2002 May;15(3-5):239-264. doi: 10.1016/S0911-6044(01)00032-X.
It has repeatedly been shown that agrammatic Broca's aphasics have serious problems with the retrieval of verbs on action naming tests (Miceli, Silveri, Villa & Caramazza, 1984; Kohn, Lorch & Pearson, 1989; Basso, Razzano, Faglioni & Zanobio, 1990; Jonkers, 1998; Kim & Thompson, 2000). Less attention has been paid to the production of verbs at the sentence level (but see Miceli, Mazzuchi, Menn & Goodglass, 1983; Thompson, Shapiro, Li & Schendel, 1995; Thompson, Lange, Schneider & Shapiro, 1997; Bastiaanse & Van Zonneveld, 1998; Bastiaanse, Rispens & Van Zonneveld, 2000; Friedmann, 2000), although it has been mentioned that in agrammatic spontaneous speech verbs are lacking (Saffran, Berndt & Schwartz, 1989; Thompson et al., 1995, but see Bastiaanse & Jonkers, 1998).In this paper, three cross-linguistic studies are discussed to show that these problems with verbs have consequences for other grammatical morphemes and structures that have been mentioned to be impaired in agrammatic speech and that these consequences are different per language, depending on linguistic characteristics. The first study focuses on finiteness and compares the production of finite verbs in matrix and embedded clauses in Dutch and English, showing that a linguistic rule in Dutch (Verb Second), which does not exist in English, can explain the different performance of Dutch and English agrammatic Broca's aphasics. The second study focuses on determiners and (finite) verbs in German and shows that poor determiner production is directly related to poor verb production. The last study demonstrates that the ability to construct negative sentences is dependent on the language specific relation between verb movement and negation: Dutch and Norwegian agrammatics perform equally well on affirmative and negative sentences, whereas English and Spanish agrammatics are more impaired on negative sentences.Overall, these studies show that the problems agrammatics encounter with verbs and their properties have a spin-off on the production of other word-classes and that the characterization 'problems with grammatical morphemes' is too general for telegraphic speech.
研究反复表明，语法缺失型布罗卡失语症患者在动作命名测试中进行动词提取时存在严重问题（米切利、西尔韦里、维拉和卡拉马扎，1984；科恩、洛奇和皮尔逊，1989；巴索、拉扎诺、法廖尼和扎诺比奥，1990；容克斯，1998；金和汤普森，2000）。人们对句子层面动词的生成关注较少（但见米切利、马祖奇、门恩和古德格拉斯，1983；汤普森、夏皮罗、李和申德尔，1995；汤普森、兰格、施奈德和夏皮罗，1997；巴斯蒂安斯和范宗内维尔德，1998；巴斯蒂安斯、里斯彭斯和范宗内维尔德，2000；弗里德曼，2000），尽管有人提到在语法缺失型自发言语中缺乏动词（萨夫兰、伯恩特和施瓦茨，1989；汤普森等人，1995，但见巴斯蒂安斯和容克斯，1998）。在本文中，讨论了三项跨语言研究，以表明动词方面的这些问题会对其他语法语素和结构产生影响，这些语法语素和结构在语法缺失型言语中被认为是受损的，而且这些影响因语言而异，取决于语言特征。第一项研究聚焦于限定性，比较了荷兰语和英语中主句和从句中限定动词的生成情况，结果表明荷兰语中的一条语言规则（动词第二位）在英语中不存在，这可以解释荷兰语和英语语法缺失型布罗卡失语症患者的不同表现。第二项研究聚焦于德语中的限定词和（限定）动词，结果表明限定词生成能力差与动词生成能力差直接相关。最后一项研究表明，构建否定句的能力取决于动词移位和否定之间的语言特定关系：荷兰语和挪威语语法缺失型患者在肯定句和否定句上的表现同样良好，而英语和西班牙语语法缺失型患者在否定句上受损更严重。总体而言，这些研究表明，语法缺失型患者在动词及其属性方面遇到的问题会对其他词类的生成产生连带影响，而且“语法语素问题”这一特征对于电报式言语来说过于笼统。
