Bowdoin College, 04011, Brunswick, Maine.
Mem Cognit. 1974 May;2(3):497-500. doi: 10.3758/BF03196911.
Demand characteristics and risk are confounded on the choice dilemma items. Thus, it is difficult using that instrument to determine if individuals view themselves as more risky than others because of a cultural value of risk or instructional demand characteristics. The present study asked Ss to make judgments for themselves and for others on either the choice dilemmas (with risk-oriented or risk-neutral instructions) or on one of three other measures of risk taking (behavior prediction scale, risk of aversive consequences, zero expected value bets) which have exhibited the risky shift but do not have the instructional problems of the choice dilemmas. Only on the choice dilemmas did Ss view themselves as being more risky. On all other measures, Ss viewed themselves as either equal to or more conservative than others. These findings cast doubt on the validity of value type theories as general explanations for the risky shift.
在选择困境项目中，需求特征和风险是混杂在一起的。因此，很难使用这种工具来确定个体是否因为风险的文化价值观或指令性需求特征而认为自己比他人更具风险。本研究要求被试者在选择困境（带有风险导向或风险中性的指导语）或三种其他风险承担措施（行为预测量表、厌恶后果风险、零预期价值投注）上为自己和他人做出判断，这三种措施都表现出了风险转移，但没有选择困境的指导问题。只有在选择困境中，被试者才认为自己更具风险。在所有其他措施上，被试者认为自己与他人一样或比他人更保守。这些发现对价值类型理论作为风险转移的一般解释的有效性提出了质疑。
