Department of Psychology, University of Western Ontario, N6A 3K7, London, Ontario, Canada.
Mem Cognit. 1974 May;2(3):515-21. doi: 10.3758/BF03196914.
Ss in three experiments searched through an array of pictures or words for a target item that had been presented as a picture or a word. In Experiments I and II, the pictures were line drawings of familiar objects and the words were their printed labels; in Experiment III, the stimuli were photographs of the faces of famous people and their corresponding printed names. Search times in Experiments I and II were consistently faster when the array items were pictures than when they were words, regardless of the mode of the target items. Search was also faster with pictures than with words as targets when the search array also consisted of pictures, but target mode had no consistent effect with words as array items. Experiment III yielded a completely different pattern of results: Search time with names as targets and faces as search array items was significantly slower than in the other three conditions, which did not differ from each other. Considered in relation to several theories, the results are most consistent with a dual-coding interpretation. That is, items that are cognitively represented both verbally and as nonverbal images can be searched and compared in either mode, depending on the demands of the task. The mode actually used depends on whether the search must be conducted through an array of pictures or words.
在三个实验中，被试者在图片或文字的数组中搜索一个作为图片或文字呈现的目标项目。在实验一和实验二中，图片是熟悉物体的线条画，文字是它们的印刷标签；在实验三中，刺激物是名人的面部照片和他们对应的印刷名字。无论目标项目的模式如何，当数组项目是图片时，搜索时间在实验一和实验二中始终比文字快。当搜索数组也由图片组成时，搜索也比文字作为目标时更快，但当数组项目是文字时，目标模式没有一致的效果。实验三产生了完全不同的结果模式：当目标是名字，搜索数组项目是面孔时，搜索时间明显比其他三种情况慢，而这三种情况之间没有差异。考虑到几种理论，结果与双编码解释最一致。也就是说，以言语和非言语图像两种方式认知表示的项目可以在任何一种模式下进行搜索和比较，这取决于任务的要求。实际使用的模式取决于搜索是否必须通过图片或文字数组进行。
