School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Science, University of NSW, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
J Microbiol Methods. 2011 Apr;85(1):1-8. doi: 10.1016/j.mimet.2011.01.026. Epub 2011 Jan 31.
Mycobacteria have thwarted detection by scientists for centuries. Mycobacterium paratuberculosis is one of the most fastidious of the Mycobacteriaceae, and has been implicated in both animal and human diseases. In domestic livestock, M. paratuberculosis has been associated with Johne's disease, which given its increasing incidence, is currently a cause for concern, due to the potential for M. paratuberculosis to enter our food chain. In addition, a tenuous link has been reported between M. paratuberculosis and Crohn's disease, however evidence to support this link is hampered by the lack of accurate methodologies for detection of M. paratuberculosis in humans. This review compares the sensitivity and specificity of traditional and more recent techniques to the culture and molecular detection of M. paratuberculosis. While serology and culture are popular choices for the livestock industry they have not produced useful data for human infection. Although the advent of molecular biology has enabled faster diagnosis of M. paratuberculosis in human infection, there is currently no gold standard such as culture on which to validate these findings. Even with DNA/RNA detection methods, there is the ever present issue of the genetic relatedness of M. paratuberculosis to other mycobacteria of the Mycobacterium avium complex, some of which also infect humans with very different pathological outcomes. Recent developments in this field include more rapid methods of M. paratuberculosis culture as well as the development of more accurate and sensitive PCR assays. The application of these techniques should offer a greater insight as to the role of M. paratuberculosis in human gastrointestinal diseases.
分枝杆菌几个世纪以来一直逃避着科学家的检测。副结核分枝杆菌是分枝杆菌科中最挑剔的一种，与动物和人类疾病都有关联。在家畜中，副结核分枝杆菌与约翰氏病有关，由于其发病率不断上升，目前由于副结核分枝杆菌有可能进入我们的食物链而引起关注。此外，还报告了副结核分枝杆菌与克罗恩病之间存在脆弱的联系，但是，由于缺乏用于检测人类副结核分枝杆菌的准确方法，因此支持这种联系的证据受到阻碍。本文综述了传统和最新技术与副结核分枝杆菌的培养和分子检测的灵敏度和特异性。虽然血清学和培养是畜牧业的常见选择，但它们并未为人类感染提供有用的数据。尽管分子生物学的出现使人类副结核分枝杆菌的诊断更快，但目前尚无可用于验证这些发现的培养等黄金标准。即使使用 DNA/RNA 检测方法，也存在副结核分枝杆菌与分枝杆菌鸟复合群中的其他分枝杆菌具有遗传相关性的问题，其中一些分枝杆菌也会导致人类感染，其病理后果非常不同。该领域的最新进展包括副结核分枝杆菌培养的更快方法以及更准确和敏感的 PCR 检测方法的开发。这些技术的应用应该可以更深入地了解副结核分枝杆菌在人类胃肠道疾病中的作用。
