Department of Psychology, Dartmouth College, 03755, Hanover, New Hampshke.
Mem Cognit. 1976 Jul;4(4):422-32. doi: 10.3758/BF03213199.
Although several theoretical positions and a variety of empirical tasks indicate the importance of verbs to sentences, nouns are generally recalled and recognized better in memorial tasks. Three main models can be identified to explain this discrepancy ("Fillenbaum's paradox"). To try to resolve this paradox, several experiments explored the efficiency of various sentence elements as cues in recognition memory. In Experiment I, concreteness of the stimuli did not interact with the type of distractor; however, verb phrase changes were harder to recognize than noun phrase changes when synonym distractors were used. This result was replicated in a forced-choice recognition paradigm (Experiment II) and with whole sentences where the derivational similarity of verbs and nouns was controlled (Experiment IV). The effect could not be attributed to characteristics of the English language (Experiment III) or to superior memory for form information in nouns (Experiment V). The total results are interpreted as suggesting that subjects process different parts of a sentence to different semantic levels, with verbs receiving more semantic representation and nouns more orthographic or phonological representation. The results are taken as support for a "semantic encoding model" of Fillenbaum's paradox.
尽管有几种理论立场和多种经验任务表明动词对句子很重要，但在记忆任务中，名词通常更容易被回忆和识别。为了解释这种差异，有三个主要的模型可以被识别出来（“Fillenbaum 悖论”）。为了解决这个悖论，许多实验探索了各种句子成分作为识别记忆线索的效率。在实验 1 中，刺激的具体性与干扰词的类型没有交互作用；然而，当使用同义词干扰词时，动词短语的变化比名词短语的变化更难被识别。这个结果在强制选择识别范式（实验 2）和控制动词和名词的派生相似性的整个句子中得到了复制（实验 4）。该效应不能归因于英语语言的特点（实验 3），也不能归因于名词中对形式信息的更好记忆（实验 5）。总的结果表明，被试以不同的语义水平处理句子的不同部分，动词获得更多的语义表示，名词获得更多的拼写或语音表示。这些结果被视为对 Fillenbaum 悖论的“语义编码模型”的支持。
