Laboratório de Genética Humana e Médica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará 1, Cidade Universitária Prof. José da Silva Neto, Belém-Pará, Brazil.
Am J Phys Anthropol. 2011 Mar;144(3):471-8. doi: 10.1002/ajpa.21436. Epub 2010 Dec 29.
Some genetic markers on both the Y chromosome and mtDNA are highly polymorphic and population-specific in humans, representing useful tools for reconstructing the past history of populations with poor historical records. Such lack of information is usually true in the case of recent African-descent populations of the New World founded by fugitive slaves throughout the slavery period in the Americas, particularly in Brazil, where those communities are known as quilombos. Aiming to recover male-derived ethnic structure of nine quilombos from the Brazilian Amazon, a total of 300 individuals, belonging to Mazagão Velho (N = 24), Curiaú (N = 48), Mazagão (N = 36), Trombetas (N = 20), Itacoã (N = 22), Saracura (N = 46), Marajó (N = 58), Pitimandeua (N = 26), and Pontal (N = 20), were investigated for nine Y-STRs (DYS393, DYS19, DYS390, DYS389 I, DYS389 II, DYS392, DYS391, DYS385 I/II). From the 169 distinct haplotypes obtained, 120 were singletons. The results suggest the West African coast as the main origin of slaves brought to Brazil (54% of male contribution); the European contribution was high (41%), while the Amerindian's was low (5%). Those results contrast with previous mtDNA data that showed high Amerindian female contribution (46.6%) in African-descent populations. AMOVA suggests that the genetic differentiation among the quilombos is mainly influenced by admixture with European. However, when restricting AMOVA to African-specific haplotypes, low differentiation was detected, suggesting great genetic homogeneity of the African founding populations and/or a later homogenization by intense slave trade inside Brazil.
一些 Y 染色体和线粒体 DNA 上的遗传标记在人类中高度多态且具有种群特异性，是重建历史记录不佳的人群过去历史的有用工具。在美洲奴隶制时期逃亡奴隶建立的新世界的非洲裔人口中，通常就是这种情况，尤其是在巴西，这些社区被称为 quilombos。为了从巴西亚马孙地区的 9 个 quilombos 中恢复男性遗传结构，对总共 300 个人进行了调查，他们分别来自 Mazagão Velho（N=24）、Curiaú（N=48）、Mazagão（N=36）、Trombetas（N=20）、Itacoã（N=22）、Saracura（N=46）、Marajó（N=58）、Pitimandeua（N=26）和 Pontal（N=20），调查了 9 个 Y-STRs（DYS393、DYS19、DYS390、DYS389 I、DYS389 II、DYS392、DYS391、DYS385 I/II）。在所获得的 169 个独特单倍型中，有 120 个是单倍型。结果表明，奴隶被带到巴西的主要起源地是西非海岸（54%的男性贡献）；欧洲的贡献很高（41%），而美洲印第安人的贡献较低（5%）。这些结果与先前的 mtDNA 数据形成对比，后者显示在非洲裔人口中美洲印第安女性的贡献很高（46.6%）。AMOVA 表明， quilombos 之间的遗传分化主要受到与欧洲人的混合影响。然而，当将 AMOVA 限制在非洲特有的单倍型时，检测到低分化，这表明非洲起源人群具有很高的遗传同质性，或者在巴西内部奴隶贸易的后期出现了强烈的同质化。
