Department of Psychological Sciences and Midwest Alcoholism Research Center, University of Missouri, USA.
J Abnorm Psychol. 2011 May;120(2):377-88. doi: 10.1037/a0022303.
Sex differences in the genetic and environmental influences on childhood conduct disorder and adult antisocial behavior were examined in a large community sample of 6,383 adult male, female, and opposite-sex twins. Retrospective reports of childhood conduct disorder (prior to 18 years of age) were obtained when participants were approximately 30 years old, and lifetime reports of adult antisocial behavior (antisocial behavior after 17 years of age) were obtained 8 years later. Results revealed that either the genetic or the shared environmental factors influencing childhood conduct disorder differed for males and females (i.e., a qualitative sex difference), but by adulthood, these sex-specific influences on antisocial behavior were no longer apparent. Further, genetic and environmental influences accounted for proportionally the same amount of variance in antisocial behavior for males and females in childhood and adulthood (i.e., there were no quantitative sex differences). Additionally, the stability of antisocial behavior from childhood to adulthood was slightly greater for males than females. Though familial factors accounted for more of the stability of antisocial behavior for males than females, genetic factors accounted for the majority of the covariation between childhood conduct disorder and adult antisocial behavior for both sexes. The genetic influences on adult antisocial behavior overlapped completely with the genetic influences on childhood conduct disorder for both males and females. Implications for future twin and molecular genetic studies are discussed.
本研究在一个包含 6383 对同性和异性成年双胞胎的大型社区样本中，考察了童年品行障碍和成年反社会行为的遗传和环境影响在性别上的差异。当参与者大约 30 岁时，会获得童年品行障碍（18 岁之前）的回顾性报告，而 8 年后会获得成年反社会行为（17 岁后）的终生报告。结果表明，无论是影响童年品行障碍的遗传因素还是共享环境因素，在男性和女性之间存在差异（即存在定性性别差异），但到成年后，这些影响反社会行为的性别特异性影响就不再明显。此外，遗传和环境因素在童年和成年期对男性和女性的反社会行为的变异解释程度相同（即不存在定量性别差异）。此外，从童年到成年，反社会行为在男性中的稳定性略高于女性。尽管家庭因素对男性反社会行为的稳定性的影响大于女性，但遗传因素解释了两性儿童品行障碍和成年反社会行为之间大部分的共变。遗传因素对成年反社会行为的影响与遗传因素对男性和女性童年品行障碍的影响完全重叠。本研究对未来的双胞胎和分子遗传学研究具有启示意义。
