Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University Frankfurt, Deutschordenstraße 50, 60528, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
Child Neuropsychology Section, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University Hospital RWTH, Aachen, Germany.
Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2018 Sep;27(9):1077-1093. doi: 10.1007/s00787-018-1172-6. Epub 2018 Jun 9.
Conduct disorder (CD) is a common and highly impairing psychiatric disorder of childhood and adolescence that frequently leads to poor physical and mental health outcomes in adulthood. The prevalence of CD is substantially higher in males than females, and partly due to this, most research on this condition has used all-male or predominantly male samples. Although the number of females exhibiting CD has increased in recent decades, the majority of studies on neurobiological measures, neurocognitive phenotypes, and treatments for CD have focused on male subjects only, despite strong evidence for sex differences in the aetiology and neurobiology of CD. Here, we selectively review the existing literature on CD and related phenotypes in females, focusing in particular on sex differences in CD symptoms, patterns of psychiatric comorbidity, and callous-unemotional personality traits. We also consider studies investigating the neurobiology of CD in females, with a focus on studies using genetic, structural and functional neuroimaging, psychophysiological, and neuroendocrinological methods. We end the article by providing an overview of the study design of the FemNAT-CD consortium, an interdisciplinary, multi-level and multi-site study that explicitly focuses on CD in females, but which is also investigating sex differences in the causes, developmental course, and neurobiological correlates of CD.
品行障碍（CD）是一种常见且严重损害儿童和青少年心理健康的精神障碍，其常导致成年后身心健康状况不佳。CD 在男性中的患病率明显高于女性，部分原因是大多数关于这种疾病的研究都使用了全男性或主要是男性样本。尽管近年来表现出 CD 的女性人数有所增加，但大多数关于神经生物学测量、神经认知表型和 CD 治疗的研究仅关注男性受试者，尽管在 CD 的病因和神经生物学方面存在强烈的性别差异证据。在这里，我们选择性地回顾了关于女性 CD 和相关表型的现有文献，特别关注 CD 症状、精神共病模式和冷酷无情的人格特质方面的性别差异。我们还考虑了研究女性 CD 神经生物学的研究，重点是使用遗传、结构和功能神经影像学、心理生理学和神经内分泌学方法的研究。最后，我们概述了 FemNAT-CD 联盟的研究设计，该联盟是一个跨学科、多层次和多地点的研究，明确关注女性 CD，但也在研究 CD 的病因、发展过程和神经生物学相关性方面的性别差异。
