Clark Kevin B
Portland, OR USA.
Commun Integr Biol. 2010 Nov;3(6):540-4. doi: 10.4161/cib.3.6.12842. Epub 2010 Nov 1.
Social-like bacteria, fungi and protozoa communicate chemical and behavioral signals to coordinate their specializations into an ordered group of individuals capable of fitter ecological performance. Examples of microbial "social" behaviors include sporulation and dispersion, kin recognition and nonclonal or paired reproduction. Paired reproduction by ciliates is believed to involve intra- and intermate selection through pheromone-stimulated "courting" rituals. Such social maneuvering minimizes survival-reproduction tradeoffs while sorting superior mates from inferior ones, lowering the vertical spread of deleterious genes in geographically constricted populations and possibly promoting advantageous genetic innovations. In a previous article, I reported findings that the heterotrich Spirostomum ambiguum can out-complete mating rivals in simulated social trials by learning behavioral heuristics which it then employs to store and select sets of altruistic and deceptive signaling strategies. Frequencies of strategy use typically follow Maxwell-Boltzmann (MB), Fermi-Dirac (FD) or Bose-Einstein (BE) statistical distributions. For ciliates most adept at social decision making, a brief classical MB computational phase drives signaling behavior into a later quantum BE computational phase that condenses or favors the selection of a single fittest strategy. Appearance of the network analogue of BE condensation coincides with Hebbian-like trial-and-error learning and is consistent with the idea that cells behave as heat engines, where loss of energy associated with specific cellular machinery critical for mating decisions effectively reduces the temperature of intracellular enzymes cohering into weak Fröhlich superposition. I extend these findings by showing the rates at which ciliates switch serial behavioral strategies agree with principles of chemical reactions exhibiting linear and nonlinear Arrhenius kinetics during respective classical and quantum computations. Nonlinear Arrhenius kinetics in ciliate decision making suggest transitions from one signaling strategy to another result from a computational analogue of quantum tunneling in social information processing.
类似群居的细菌、真菌和原生动物会传递化学和行为信号，以协调它们的特化过程，形成一个有序的个体群体，从而具备更优的生态表现。微生物“群居”行为的例子包括孢子形成与扩散、亲缘识别以及非克隆或配对繁殖。纤毛虫的配对繁殖被认为涉及通过信息素刺激的“求偶”仪式进行的交配内和交配间选择。这种群居策略在将优质配偶与劣质配偶区分开来的同时，将生存与繁殖的权衡降至最低，减少了有害基因在地理受限种群中的垂直传播，并可能促进有利的基因创新。在之前的一篇文章中，我报告了这样的发现：异毛类的模糊旋口虫在模拟群居试验中能够通过学习行为启发式方法来超越交配对手，然后利用这些方法存储和选择一系列利他和欺骗性信号策略。策略使用的频率通常遵循麦克斯韦 - 玻尔兹曼（MB）、费米 - 狄拉克（FD）或玻色 - 爱因斯坦（BE）统计分布。对于最擅长群居决策的纤毛虫来说，一个短暂的经典MB计算阶段会将信号行为驱动到一个后期的量子BE计算阶段，该阶段会浓缩或倾向于选择单一的最优策略。BE凝聚的网络类似物的出现与类似赫布理论的试错学习相一致，并且与细胞表现为热机的观点一致，即与交配决策至关重要的特定细胞机制相关的能量损失有效地降低了凝聚成弱弗罗利希叠加态的细胞内酶的温度。我通过表明纤毛虫切换连续行为策略的速率与在各自的经典和量子计算过程中表现出线性和非线性阿伦尼乌斯动力学的化学反应原理相符，扩展了这些发现。纤毛虫决策中的非线性阿伦尼乌斯动力学表明，从一种信号策略到另一种信号策略的转变是社会信息处理中量子隧穿的计算类似物导致的。
