Roongsawang Niran, Washio Kenji, Morikawa Masaaki
Microbial Cell Factory Laboratory, Bioresources Technology Unit, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Pathumthani 12120, Thailand.
Int J Mol Sci. 2010 Dec 30;12(1):141-72. doi: 10.3390/ijms12010141.
Lipopeptide biosurfactants (LPBSs) consist of a hydrophobic fatty acid portion linked to a hydrophilic peptide chain in the molecule. With their complex and diverse structures, LPBSs exhibit various biological activities including surface activity as well as anti-cellular and anti-enzymatic activities. LPBSs are also involved in multi-cellular behaviors such as swarming motility and biofilm formation. Among the bacterial genera, Bacillus (Gram-positive) and Pseudomonas (Gram-negative) have received the most attention because they produce a wide range of effective LPBSs that are potentially useful for agricultural, chemical, food, and pharmaceutical industries. The biosynthetic mechanisms and gene regulation systems of LPBSs have been extensively analyzed over the last decade. LPBSs are generally synthesized in a ribosome-independent manner with megaenzymes called nonribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPSs). Production of active-form NRPSs requires not only transcriptional induction and translation but also post-translational modification and assemblage. The accumulated knowledge reveals the versatility and evolutionary lineage of the NRPSs system. This review provides an overview of the structural and functional diversity of LPBSs and their different biosynthetic mechanisms in Bacillus and Pseudomonas, including both typical and unique systems. Finally, successful genetic engineering of NRPSs for creating novel lipopeptides is also discussed.
脂肽生物表面活性剂（LPBSs）由分子中与亲水性肽链相连的疏水性脂肪酸部分组成。由于其结构复杂多样，LPBSs具有多种生物活性，包括表面活性以及抗细胞和抗酶活性。LPBSs还参与群体运动和生物膜形成等多细胞行为。在细菌属中，芽孢杆菌属（革兰氏阳性）和假单胞菌属（革兰氏阴性）受到的关注最多，因为它们产生了一系列有效的LPBSs，这些LPBSs对农业、化工、食品和制药行业具有潜在用途。在过去十年中，LPBSs的生物合成机制和基因调控系统得到了广泛分析。LPBSs通常由称为非核糖体肽合成酶（NRPSs）的巨型酶以不依赖核糖体的方式合成。活性形式NRPSs的产生不仅需要转录诱导和翻译，还需要翻译后修饰和组装。积累的知识揭示了NRPSs系统的多功能性和进化谱系。本文综述了LPBSs的结构和功能多样性及其在芽孢杆菌属和假单胞菌属中的不同生物合成机制，包括典型和独特的系统。最后，还讨论了通过成功的NRPSs基因工程来创造新型脂肽的问题。
