Problems and complications associated with endocrine surgery in the dog and cat.

Complications associated with endocrine surgery involving the pancreas, adrenal, parathyroid, thyroid, or pituitary glands are relatively common and relate to technical difficulties associated with the surgical procedure and pathophysiologic alterations associated with the specific endocrine disease. Appropriate preoperative assessment, proper surgical technique, and recognition and management of postoperative complications are necessary for successful surgical results.