Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7491 Trondheim, Norway.
Chemosphere. 2011 May;83(8):1035-44. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.01.067. Epub 2011 Feb 26.
In the present study, groups of juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) were fed gelatine capsules containing fish-food spiked with PFOA or PFOS (0.2 mg kg(-1) fish) and solvent (methanol). The capsules were given at days 0, 3 and 6. Blood, liver and whole kidney samples were collected prior to exposure (no solvent control), and at days 2, 5, 8 and 14 after exposure (Note: that day 14 after exposure is equal to 7d recovery period). We report on the differences in the tissue bioaccumulation patterns of PFOS and PFOA, in addition to tissue and compound differences in modulation pattern of biotransformation enzyme genes. We observed that the level of PFOS and PFOA increased in the blood, liver and kidney during the exposure period. Different PFOS and PFOA bioaccumulation patterns were observed in the kidney and liver during exposure- and after the recovery periods. Particularly, after the recovery period, PFOA levels in the kidney and liver tissues were almost at the control level. On the contrary, PFOS maintained an increase with tissue-specific differences, showing a higher bioaccumulation potential (also in the blood), compared with PFOA. While PFOS and PFOA produced an apparent time-dependent increase in kidney CYP3A, CYP1A1 and GST expression, similar effects were only temporary in the liver, significantly increasing at sampling day 2. PFOA and PFOS exposure resulted in significant decreases in plasma estrone, testosterone and cortisol levels at sampling day 2, and their effects differed with 17α-methyltestostrerone showing significant decrease by PFOA (also for cholesterol) and increase by PFOS. PFOA significantly increased estrone and testosterone, and no effects were observed for cortisol, 17α-methyltestosterone and cholesterol at sampling day 5. Overall, the changes in plasma steroid hormone levels parallel changes in CYP3A mRNA levels. Given that there are no known studies that have demonstrated such tissue differences in bioaccumulation patterns with associated differences in toxicological responses in any fish species or lower vertebrate, the present findings provide some potential insights and basis for a better understanding of the possible mechanisms of PFCs toxicity that need to be studied in more detail.
在本研究中，将含有鱼饲料的明胶胶囊（饲料中添加了 0.2mg/kg 鱼的 PFOA 或 PFOS 和溶剂（甲醇））给予幼年大西洋三文鱼（Salmo salar）。在暴露前（无溶剂对照）和暴露后第 2、5、8 和 14 天（注意：暴露后第 14 天等于 7d 恢复期）采集血液、肝脏和全肾样本。我们报告了 PFOS 和 PFOA 在组织中的生物蓄积模式差异，以及生物转化酶基因的组织和化合物差异调节模式。我们观察到，在暴露期间，血液、肝脏和肾脏中的 PFOS 和 PFOA 水平增加。在暴露和恢复期，肾脏和肝脏中的 PFOS 和 PFOA 生物蓄积模式不同。特别是在恢复期后，肾脏和肝脏组织中的 PFOA 水平几乎恢复到对照水平。相反，PFOS 在组织中表现出更高的生物蓄积潜力（在血液中也是如此），与 PFOA 相比，维持增加，具有组织特异性差异。虽然 PFOS 和 PFOA 导致肾脏 CYP3A、CYP1A1 和 GST 表达明显的时间依赖性增加，但在肝脏中，这种影响只是暂时的，在采样日 2 时显著增加。PFOS 和 PFOA 暴露导致血浆雌酮、睾丸酮和皮质醇水平在采样日 2 时显著降低，其作用因 17α-甲基睾丸酮而不同，PFOA（也对胆固醇）降低，PFOS 增加。PFOA 显著增加了雌酮和睾丸酮，而皮质醇、17α-甲基睾丸酮和胆固醇在采样日 5 时没有影响。总的来说，血浆类固醇激素水平的变化与 CYP3A mRNA 水平的变化平行。鉴于在任何鱼类或低等脊椎动物中都没有已知的研究表明存在这种组织差异的生物蓄积模式以及相关的毒理学反应差异，本研究结果为更好地理解 PFC 毒性的可能机制提供了一些潜在的见解和依据，需要更详细地研究。
