Department of Speech and Cognition, GIPSA-lab, UMR5216: CNRS, INPG, University Stendhal, UJF, Grenoble, France.
J Acoust Soc Am. 2011 Feb;129(2):1024-35. doi: 10.1121/1.3518766.
The first two vocal tract resonances (R1 and R2) of 22 classically trained sopranos, altos, tenors, and baritones were measured while they sang four different vowels over their normal pitch range. The resonances of the tract and the harmonics of the voice were measured simultaneously by injecting a broadband acoustic current into the tract at their mouth. Sopranos were found to tune R1 close to the fundamental frequency f(0) (R1:f(0) tuning) over at least part of their upper range for all vowels studied, particularly when f(0) was around or above the value of R1 for speech. Additionally, most sopranos employed R2:2f(0) tuning over some of their range, often simultaneously with R1:f(0) tuning. Altos used R1:f(0) tuning for vowels having lower values of R1 in speech, but can switch to R1:2f(0) tuning in the lower part of their range. Tenors and baritones generally used R1:2f(0) and R1:3f(0) tunings over part of their range and employed a number of different tunings to higher harmonics at lower pitch. These results indicate that singers can repeatedly tune their resonances with precision, and that there can be considerable differences in the resonance strategies used by individual singers, particularly for voices in the lower ranges.
22 位经过古典训练的女高音、女中音、男高音和男中音歌唱家在正常音域内演唱四个不同元音时，测量了他们的前两个声道共振（R1 和 R2）。通过在他们的口腔内注入宽带声波电流，同时测量声道的共振和谐波的声音。研究发现，女高音在至少部分高音区将 R1 调谐到基本频率 f(0)（R1:f(0)调谐），所有研究的元音都是如此，尤其是当 f(0)接近或高于语音中 R1 的值时。此外，大多数女高音在部分音域中同时使用 R1:2f(0)调谐，通常与 R1:f(0)调谐同时使用。女中音在发音时使用 R1:f(0)调谐，元音的 R1 值较低，但在其音域的较低部分可以切换到 R1:2f(0)调谐。男高音和男中音通常在部分音域中使用 R1:2f(0)和 R1:3f(0)调谐，并在较低音高时使用多种不同的调谐到更高的泛音。这些结果表明，歌手可以精确地重复调整共振，并且个体歌手使用的共振策略可能存在很大差异，特别是在较低音域的声音。
