Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, 40506, USA.
Anal Bioanal Chem. 2011 May;400(4):977-89. doi: 10.1007/s00216-011-4835-4. Epub 2011 Mar 5.
Genetically engineered bacteria-based sensing systems have been employed in a variety of analyses because of their selectivity, sensitivity, and ease of use. These systems, however, have found limited applications in the field because of the inability of bacteria to survive long term, especially under extreme environmental conditions. In nature, certain bacteria, such as those from Clostridium and Bacillus genera, when exposed to threatening environmental conditions are capable of cocooning themselves into a vegetative state known as spores. To overcome the aforementioned limitation of bacterial sensing systems, the use of microorganisms capable of sporulation has recently been proposed. The ability of spores to endow bacteria-based sensing systems with long lives, along with their ability to cycle between the vegetative spore state and the germinated living cell, contributes to their attractiveness as vehicles for cell-based biosensors. An additional application where spores have shown promise is in surface display systems. In that regard, spores expressing certain enzymes, proteins, or peptides on their surface have been presented as a stable, simple, and safe new tool for the biospecific recognition of target analytes, the biocatalytic production of chemicals, and the delivery of biomolecules of pharmaceutical relevance. This review focuses on the application of spores as a packaging method for whole-cell biosensors, surface display of recombinant proteins on spores for bioanalytical and biotechnological applications, and the use of spores as vehicles for vaccines and therapeutic agents.
基于基因工程的细菌传感系统因其选择性、灵敏度和易用性而被应用于各种分析中。然而，由于细菌无法长期生存，尤其是在极端环境条件下，这些系统在该领域的应用受到了限制。在自然界中，某些细菌，如梭菌属和芽孢杆菌属的细菌，在暴露于威胁环境条件时，能够将自己包裹在一种称为孢子的营养体状态中。为了克服细菌传感系统的上述限制，最近提出了使用能够形成孢子的微生物。孢子赋予基于细菌的传感系统长寿命的能力，以及它们在营养体孢子状态和发芽的活细胞之间循环的能力，使它们成为基于细胞的生物传感器的有吸引力的载体。孢子显示出前景的另一个应用是在表面展示系统中。在这方面，表面表达某些酶、蛋白质或肽的孢子已被作为一种稳定、简单和安全的新工具，用于生物特异性识别目标分析物、生物催化生产化学品以及递送至药物相关的生物分子。本综述重点介绍了孢子作为全细胞生物传感器的包装方法的应用、用于生物分析和生物技术应用的孢子上重组蛋白的表面展示，以及将孢子用作疫苗和治疗剂的载体。
