Positively charged nanofiltration membranes: review of current fabrication methods and introduction of a novel approach.

A review of the fabrication processes currently available to produce positively charged nanofiltration membranes has been conducted. The review highlights that there are few membranes and studies currently available. The preparation of a novel positively charged nanofiltration membrane is also described. This membrane was fabricated by surface modification of a prepared base membrane using polyethyleneimine followed by cross linking with butanedioldiglycidylether. The fabrication process uses standard organic solvents and avoids the need for hazardous materials, such as concentrated sulphuric acid, which significantly benefits the scale up potential of any future commercial manufacturing process. The new membrane was characterised using a number of state-of-the-art techniques, including a novel use of atomic force microscopy to determine pore size. Streaming potential measurements confirmed that this new membrane is indeed positively charged in the pH range below pH 9, which covers the majority of normal operating conditions. The performance characteristics for the new membrane were very favourable, with a pure water flux determined to be 20 LMH bar(-1) and a rejection of MgCl of 96%. Thus, this new membrane both adds to and complements the existing short supply of positively charged NF membranes and is suitable for applications such as the recovery of valuable cationic macromolecules in the bioprocess and pharmaceutical industries or removal of multi-valent cations such as dyes and heavy metals in the paper and pulp, textiles, nuclear, and automotive industries.