Department of Grain Science and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.
J Econ Entomol. 2011 Feb;104(1):325-30. doi: 10.1603/ec10074.
The susceptibility of various life stages of the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae), a pest of stored wheat, Triticum aestivum L., to flameless catalytic infrared radiation in the 3-7-microm range was evaluated in the laboratory. Immature stages were collected from flour infested with T. castaneum adults only for 1 d. Stages collected after 1 d represented eggs (collected on day 0); those collected after 7, 14, and 21 d from day 0 represented larvae in different developmental stages, whereas those collected after 24 d represented pupae. Adults (2 wk old) were collected after 42 d. Each of these stages was exposed for 45 or 60 s in 113.5 or 227.0 g of wheat at a distance of 8.0 or 12.7 cm from a bench top infrared emitter. The mean temperatures attained during exposures were measured continuously using a noncontact infrared thermometer connected to a computer. The mean grain temperatures attained increased with an increase in exposure time and were inversely related to distance from the emitter. Grain quantity least influenced mean temperatures attained. Pupae were the least susceptible stage and larvae collected after 7 d were the most susceptible stage. Variation in probability of death of various life stages decreased with an increase in mean grain temperatures attained. All life stages were killed after a 60-s exposure at a distance of 8.0 cm from the emitter in 113.5 g of wheat, where the mean +/- SE temperatures attained ranged from 107.6 +/- 1.2 to 111.4 +/- 0.5 degrees C. Our laboratory results using small grain quantities and short exposure times showed that flameless catalytic infrared radiation can be a valuable tool for managing insects in stored organic and nonorganic wheat.
实验室评估了在 3-7 微米范围内无火焰催化红外辐射对红粉甲虫（Tribolium castaneum（Herbst））各生活阶段（小麦仓储害虫，Triticum aestivum L.）的敏感性。仅从受 T. castaneum 成虫感染的面粉中收集 1 天的未成熟阶段。第 1 天后收集的阶段代表卵（第 0 天收集）；从第 0 天开始，第 7、14 和 21 天收集的那些代表不同发育阶段的幼虫，而第 24 天收集的那些代表蛹。第 42 天后收集成虫（2 周龄）。这些阶段中的每一个都在 113.5 或 227.0 克小麦中暴露 45 或 60 秒，距离桌面红外发射器 8.0 或 12.7 厘米。使用连接到计算机的非接触式红外温度计连续测量暴露过程中的平均温度。暴露期间达到的平均谷物温度随着暴露时间的增加而增加，并与发射器的距离成反比。谷物数量对达到的平均温度影响最小。蛹是最不敏感的阶段，第 7 天后收集的幼虫是最敏感的阶段。各种生活阶段死亡概率的变化随着达到的平均谷物温度的增加而降低。在距离发射器 8.0 厘米的 113.5 克小麦中，在 60 秒的暴露时间内，所有生活阶段都被杀死，达到的平均温度范围为 107.6 ± 1.2 至 111.4 ± 0.5°C。我们使用小谷物量和短暴露时间的实验室结果表明，无火焰催化红外辐射可以成为管理仓储有机和非有机小麦中昆虫的有价值工具。
